Endothelial function and biochemical vascular markers in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients: the effect of exercise training.

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is associated with the presence of atherosclerosis. However, ED is also considered a sign of the early vascular changes preceding atherosclerosis. By measuring flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and circulating markers of endothelial function we sought to explore whether impaired endothelial function is already present in healthy subjects at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Impact of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, physical fitness, and muscle oxidative capacity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

First-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (offspring) are often characterized by insulin resistance and reduced physical fitness (VO2 max). We determined the response of healthy first-degree relatives to a standardized 10-wk exercise program compared with an age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched control group. Improvements in VO2 max (14.

Evidence of increased visceral obesity and reduced physical fitness in healthy insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective: First-degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetic patients are often insulin resistant. Visceral obesity is closely linked to both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We therefore hypothesized that the inheritance of an increased tendency to store fat in visceral fat depots may be a characteristic phenotypic feature in FDR contributing to their insulin resistance.

The circulating IGF system and its relationship with 24-h glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects.

Objective And Design: It has been suggested that circulating free IGF-I participates in glucose homeostasis and that IGFBP-1 reflects changes in insulin sensitivity. To study this further, we examined 10 healthy, nonobese subjects under standardized conditions for 24 h with and without an intravenous infusion of glucose, the latter in order to augment insulin sensitivity. Serum was collected every 2 h for analysis of free and total IGFs, IGFBP-1, - 2 and - 3 and the acid labile subunit (ALS).

Meal and oral glucose tests for assessment of beta -cell function: modeling analysis in normal subjects.

We investigated beta-cell function and its relationship to insulin sensitivity in 17 normal volunteers. For insulin secretion (derived by C-peptide deconvolution), a mathematical model was applied to 24-h triple-meal tests (MT) as well as oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT); insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic insulin clamp technique. The beta-cell model featured a glucose concentration-insulin secretion dose response (characterized by secretion at 5 mM glucose and slope), a secretion component proportional to the glucose concentration derivative, and a time-dependent potentiation factor (modulating the dose response and accounting for effects of sustained hyperglycemia and incretins).