Enzyme regulation patterns in fungal inoculated wheat may reflect resistance and tolerance towards an insect herbivore.

Seed inoculation with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) causes plant-mediated effects against arthropod herbivores, but the responses vary among EPF isolates. We used a wheat model system with three isolates representing Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. causing either negative or positive effects against the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi.

Biocontrol Effect of on Infection and Mycotoxin Detoxification in Oat ().

Oat () is susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). The quality of oat grain is threatened by the accumulation of mycotoxins, particularly the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), which also acts as a virulence factor for the main pathogen . The plant can defend itself, e.

Fungal Endophytes Isolated from a Wild Relative of Barley, Have Potential for Biological Control of and in Barley.

Twenty-four fungal endophytes, isolated from a wild relative of barley, were screened in barley against an isolate of and an isolate of under controlled conditions. In all experiments, the endophytes were applied individually as seed dressings. Five endophytes could significantly reduce symptoms of ( E1 and E2 E4, sp.

Volatiles produced by spp. delay rot in apples caused by .

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms may prevent postharvest rot in fruits. Here, it was examined if VOCs from different species of can control infection in apples caused by the fungal pathogen . Incubation of -infected apples in semi-closed boxes with actively growing strains of three ( and strain 2R) showed that VOCs reduced rot areas of the apples by 45-66% after 8 days and 39-57% after 10 days, relative to infected apples incubated without .

Fungal endophytes in plants and their relationship to plant disease.

The enigmatic endophytic fungi are beginning to reveal their secrets. Like pathogens, they can manipulate the host for their own benefit to create their own optimal habitat. Some endophytic manipulations induce resistance or otherwise outcompete pathogens and can thus be exploited for biological control.

The Fungal Endophyte ML37 Reduces Fusarium Head Blight by Local Induced Resistance in Wheat Spikes.

The fungal endophyte ML37 is a biocontrol agent of Fusarium head blight in wheat (caused by ), which has shown a limited direct inhibition of fungal growth in vitro. We used RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS analyses to elucidate metabolic interactions of the three-way system Penicillium-wheat-Fusarium in greenhouse experiments. We demonstrated that ML37 colonises wheat spikes and transiently activates plant defence mechanisms, as pretreated spikes show a faster and stronger expression of the defence metabolism during the first 24 h after pathogen inoculation.

Regulation of Tomato Specialised Metabolism after Establishment of Symbiosis with the Endophytic Fungus .

Specialised metabolites produced during plant-fungal associations often define how symbiosis between the plant and the fungus proceeds. They also play a role in the establishment of additional interactions between the symbionts and other organisms present in the niche. However, specialised metabolism and its products are sometimes overlooked when studying plant-microbe interactions.

A Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Endophytic Fungus Catalyzes Formation of Viridiflorol.

Interactions between plant-associated fungi and their hosts are characterized by a continuous crosstalk of chemical molecules. Specialized metabolites are often produced during these associations and play important roles in the symbiosis between the plant and the fungus, as well as in the establishment of additional interactions between the symbionts and other organisms present in the niche. , a root endophytic fungus from the phylum Basidiomycota, is able to colonize a wide range of plant species, conferring many benefits to its hosts.

Site-specific, silicon-induced structural and molecular defence responses against powdery mildew infection in roses.

Background: Silicon (Si) application to miniature potted roses can decrease severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) and this is associated with increased accumulation of callose and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) as well as hypersensitive (HR) cells. We used microscopy, gene expression and specific inhibitors of callose and H O to determine how effective these plant responses are in stopping infection.

Results: Pathogen arrest in Si-treated (Si+) plants was accompanied by increased accumulation of callose and H O in papillae and HR cells, respectively.

Succession of the fungal endophytic microbiome of wheat is dependent on tissue-specific interactions between host genotype and environment.

Fungi living inside plants affect many aspects of plant health, but little is known about how plant genotype influences the fungal endophytic microbiome. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between plant genotype and biotic and abiotic environment in shaping the plant microbiome is of significance for modern agriculture, with implications for disease management, breeding and the development of biocontrol agents. For this purpose, we analysed the fungal wheat microbiome from seed to plant to seeds and studied how different potential sources of inoculum contributed to shaping of the microbiome.

Seed inoculations with entomopathogenic fungi affect aphid populations coinciding with modulation of plant secondary metabolite profiles across plant families.

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can display a plant-associated lifestyle as endophytes. Seed application of EPF can affect insect herbivory above ground, but the mechanisms behind this are not documented. Here we applied three EPF isolates, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum and M.

Insights into the community structure and lifestyle of the fungal root endophytes of tomato by combining amplicon sequencing and isolation approaches with phytohormone profiling.

Little is known about the influence of host genotype and phytohormones on the composition of fungal endophytic communities. We investigated the influence of host genotype and phytohormones on the structure of the fungal endophytic communities of tomato roots by amplicon sequencing of the ITS1 region and combined this approach with isolation and functional characterization of the isolates. A significant effect of the host genotype on the dominant fungal species was found by comparing the cultivars Castlemart and UC82B and, surprisingly, root pathogens were among the most abundant taxa.

On the hunt for the alternate host of .

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the fungal pathogen , has plagued coffee production worldwide for over 150 years. produces urediniospores, teliospores, and the sexual basidiospores. Infection of coffee by basidiospores of has never been reported and thus far, no alternate host, capable of supporting an aecial stage in the disease cycle, has been found.

Fusarium Head Blight Modifies Fungal Endophytic Communities During Infection of Wheat Spikes.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat heads. It is caused by several species from the genus Fusarium. Several endophytic fungi also colonize wheat spikes asymptomatically.

Clonostachys rosea reduces spot blotch in barley by inhibiting prepenetration growth and sporulation of Bipolaris sorokiniana without inducing resistance.

Background: Several diseases threaten cereal production, and fungicides are therefore widely used. Biological control is an environmentally friendly alternative, and the fungus Clonostachys rosea is a versatile antagonist, effective against several plant diseases. We studied the ability of C.

Role of the Colletotrichum acutatum sesquiterpene synthase CaTPS in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids.

Colletotrichum acutatum is a major fungal pathogen of fruit crops, which causes severe yield losses in strawberry production. A potential key factor in plant-pathogen interactions is fungal sesquiterpenoids which have mycotoxic and phytotoxic activities. The first committed step in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis is performed by sesquiterpene synthases (TPS).

A revision of the history of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex in the Nordic countries based on herbarium specimens.

Herbaria collections containing plants with disease symptoms are highly valuable, and they are often the only way to investigate outbreaks and epidemics from the past as the number of viable isolates in culture collections is often limited. Species belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum complex infect a range of important crops. As members of the C.

Dual effects of Metarhizium spp. and Clonostachys rosea against an insect and a seed-borne pathogen in wheat.

Background: Crops are often prone to both insect herbivory and disease, which necessitate multiple control measures. Ideally, an efficacious biological control agent must adequately control the target organism and not be inhibited by other biological control agents when applied simultaneously. Wheat seeds infected with the plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum were treated with Metarhizium brunneum or M.

Insights on the evolution of mycoparasitism from the genome of Clonostachys rosea.

Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasitic fungus that can control several important plant diseases. Here, we report on the genome sequencing of C. rosea and a comparative genome analysis, in order to resolve the phylogenetic placement of C.

Zearalenone detoxification by zearalenone hydrolase is important for the antagonistic ability of Clonostachys rosea against mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum.

The fungus Clonostachys rosea is antagonistic against plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, which produces the oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA). ZEA inhibits other fungi, and C. rosea can detoxify ZEA through the enzyme zearalenone lactonohydrolase (ZHD101).

The effect of interventions based on the programs of The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential and Family Hope Center.

Objective: To compare the effect of the programs of IAHP and FHC with ordinary community-based programs.

Method: Two-year observational study of two groups of children aged 2-15 years who were following the IAHP and FHC programs (N = 18) or community-based programs (N = 17), with additional material from interviews with parents, and a retrospective study (N = 9) based on file records and parent interviews.

Results: Changes in motor and cognitive function, language and behavior in the IAHP/FHC group well below the claims made by these programs, and few differences between this group and the comparison group.

Characterization of microbial communities and fungal metabolites on field grown strawberries from organic and conventional production.

The background levels of culturable indigenous microbial communities (microbiotas) on strawberries were examined in a field survey with four conventional and four organic growers with different production practise and geographic distribution. The microbiota on apparently healthy strawberries was complex including potential plant pathogens, opportunistic human pathogens, plant disease biocontrol agents and mycotoxin producers. The latter group was dominated by Penicillium spp.

The influence of the fungal pathogen Mycocentrospora acerina on the proteome and polyacetylenes and 6-methoxymellein in organic and conventionally cultivated carrots (Daucus carota) during post harvest storage.

Many carrots are discarded during post harvest cold storage due to development of fungal infections, caused by, e.g., Mycocentrospora acerina (liquorice rot).

Silicon-induced changes in antifungal phenolic acids, flavonoids, and key phenylpropanoid pathway genes during the interaction between miniature roses and the biotrophic pathogen Podosphaera pannosa.

Application of 3.6 mm silicon (Si+) to the rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivar Smart increased the concentration of antimicrobial phenolic acids and flavonoids in response to infection by rose powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa). Simultaneously, the expression of genes coding for key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and chalcone synthase) was up-regulated.