[Berthold Kihn (1895-1964) and the NS "Euthanasia": Profile of a Perpetrator].

Introduction: In historical sciences, there is no consensus on how to understand the transition from eugenic sterilization to "euthanasia". The aim of this article was to investigate this question based on the historical-critical method, using the example of the perpetrator profile of Berthold Kihn. His pseudoscientific way to "euthanasia", however, did not have an eugenic foundation.

Overcoming Challenges Associated with Developing Industrial Prognostics and Health Management Solutions.

The development of prognostics and health management solutions in the manufacturing industry has lagged behind academic advances due to a number of practical challenges. This work proposes a framework for the initial development of industrial PHM solutions that is based on the system development life cycle commonly used for software-based applications. Methodologies for completing the planning and design stages, which are critical for industrial solutions, are presented.

Parakinesia: A Delphi consensus report.

Abnormal movements are intrinsic to some forms of endogenous psychoses. Spontaneous dyskinesias are observed in drug-naïve first-episode patients and at-risk subjects. However, recent descriptions of spontaneous dyskinesias may actually represent the rediscovery of a more complex phenomenon, 'parakinesia' which was described and documented in extensive cinematographic recordings and long-term observations by German and French neuropsychiatrists decades before the introduction of antipsychotics.

[On the History of a Special Connection Between Academic and Non-Academic Psychiatric Institutions: Erlangen (1903-1974)].

Objective: To examine the more than 70-year history of a special connection between academic and non-academic psychiatric institutions.

Method: Relevant archival material as well as primary and secondary literature were critically examined.

Results: As early as 1818, Johann Michael Leupoldt (1794-1874), an assistant professor in Erlangen, held a seminar on "madness".

Gustav Nikolaus Specht (1860–1940): psychiatric practice, research and teaching during a change of psychiatric paradigm before and after Kraepelin.

Gustav Specht (1860-1940) developed academic psychiatry in Erlangen. After studying medicine in Würzburg, Munich and Berlin, he became assistant medical director in the mental asylum of Erlangen. In 1897 he was appointed extraordinary, and in 1903 ordinary, Professor of Psychiatry.

[A New Approach to the Life and Oeuvre of Karl Leonhard: His Role as a Psychiatrist under National Socialism and the Influence of "Erlangen School" on his Scientific Position].

Aim: The aim of this study was to present a new approach to the life and oeuvre of Karl Leonhard, focussing on his role as a psychiatrist during the period of national socialism and on his scientific affiliation to the "Erlangen school".

Method: For the first time, documents from Franconian archives have been evaluated.

Results: At the University Hospital of Psychiatry in Erlangen, Leonhard described psychopathological states in a very detailed manner as a main component of his phenomenological approach.

[Gustav Nikolaus Specht (1860-1940) : His impact on Kraepelin's nosology and approaches to his position in National Socialism].

Introduction: Gustav Specht (1860-1940) represents the beginning of the university psychiatry in Erlangen. 80 years after his death, this article focuses on Specht's role in the psychopathologic nosological discussion initiated by Kraepelin. Despite the sparse data situation, the authors approach for the first time Specht's position within psychiatry under National Socialism.

Karl Leonhard (1904-88) and his academic influence through the 'Erlangen School'.

The Erlangen University Psychiatric and Mental Clinic was an annexe to the Erlangen Mental Asylum, so when Leonhard worked there he became acquainted with acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia. This can be viewed as a decisive impulse for his later differentiated classification of types of schizophrenia. The suspicion that Leonhard suffered from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cannot be supported.

A Multimodal Stress-Prevention Program Supplemented by Telephone-Coaching Sessions to Reduce Perceived Stress among German Farmers: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study compared the effectiveness of a 12-day stress-prevention program (SGS) supplemented by individualized, structured, four-session telephone-coaching to that of an SGS without telephone-coaching in entrepreneurs from the green professions presenting with increased stress levels. All participants went through the SGS before being randomized either to the telephone-coaching group (TC) or to the control group without telephone-coaching (noTC). SGS included four key therapeutic elements: stress-management intervention, relaxation, physical exercise, and balneotherapy.

[The Erlangen Academic Psychiatry in Nationalsocialism.].

Introduction: The 200th anniversary of the University Psychiatry Erlangen motivates a critical-historical analysis of the role of Friedrich Meggendorfer (1880-1953) as a psychiatrist under National Socialism.

Method: A current evaluation of previously unconsidered sources made it possible to classify Friedrich Meggendorfer's role as a Nazi university psychiatrist in a differentiated way.

Results: Meggendorfer's expertise in hereditary psychiatry and forensic eugenics could be the decisive reason for his appointment as full professor of psychiatry to Erlangen in 1934.

Person and ethics of a psychiatrist during National Socialism: Friedrich Meggendorfer (1880-1953).

Evaluation of sources not previously considered makes it possible to describe Friedrich Meggendorfer's role as a National Socialist university psychiatrist. Relevant archive material and literature were both assessed. The gene-hygiene affinity promulgated by Meggendorfer was based on his own scientific interests, early academic influences, and also positive reinforcement from his career choices.

[Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) and the "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school". Connections to "Erlangen School" of psychiatry].

Background: To celebrate Carl Wernicke's 170th anniversary, the paper aims at analysing possible connections of Wernicke and his "Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard (WKL) school" to the "Erlangen school" of psychiatry.

Methods: Relevant primary and secondary literature as well as archival material were examined to test the hypothesis.

Results: Wernicke's efforts to realise his nosological system in clinical practice were continued by his pupil Karl Kleist (1879-1960).

[The "popular saint" Therese of Konnersreuth and her stigmata : An historical example for the interaction of psyche and religiosity].

Background: In present times, we see ourselves confronted by the challenge of engaging increasingly diverse views of the world, god and healing in a constructive dialogue. Consequently, it is important to research into the contrary effects of religiosity on the human psyche.

Methods: Original- and literary medical historian research RESULTS: Gottfried Ewald (1888-1963), a psychiatric expert at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, was appointed 90 years ago with the task of examining Therese Neumann (1898-1962), colloquially known as Resl of Konnersreuth.

Religiosity, Guilt, Altruism and Forgiveness in Alcohol Dependence: Results of a Cross-sectional and Prospective Cohort Study.

Aims: To compare religious denomination, religiosity, guilt, altruism and forgiveness between alcohol-dependent patients and healthy control subjects and to prospectively investigate their relationship to the disorder's 24-month course following in-patient withdrawal treatment.

Method: This study in Franconia (a mainly Christian protestant region of southern Germany) applied six questionnaires to evaluate religiosity, guilt, altruism and forgiveness in 166 alcohol-dependent in-patients during withdrawal and compared findings with that of 240 healthy controls.

Results: Compared to controls religious denomination was more frequently reported by the patients (OR = 1.

[500 Years of Reformation: The History of Martin Luther's Pathography and its Ethical Implications].

In the context of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, it is time to take a survey of the history of Martin Luther's (1483-1546) pathography and to deduce possible conclusions from it for psychiatric practice. In a 1035-page work written in German between 1937 and 1941, the Dane Paul Reiter retrospectively diagnosed Luther as manic-depressive. In 1956, Grossmann was unable to prove persistent synchronicity of depressive mood and reduced motivation in Luther in the key years 1527 and 1528, which led him to conclude that Luther had a cyclothymic personality with a pyknic constitution.

Cloninger Type 2 Score and Lesch Typology Predict Hospital Readmission of Female and Male Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients During a 24-Month Follow-Up.

Background: Relapse after detoxification treatment is a common problem in alcohol dependence. However, its prediction still lacks reliability. We here investigated whether the easily accessible clinical Cloninger and Lesch classifications predict alcohol-related hospital readmission following inpatient withdrawal treatment.

Synthesis of M + 4 Stable Isotopomers of Ergometrine and Ergometrinine.

The priority ergot alkaloids ergometrine and ergometrinine are highly toxic mycotoxins naturally occurring in different types of grains (i.e. rye, wheat, rice), as well as grain-based foods and, therefore, have gained increasing importance for food safety over the last years.

Gaming and Religion: The Impact of Spirituality and Denomination.

A previous investigation from Korea indicated that religion might modulate gaming behavior (Kim and Kim in J Korean Acad Nurs 40:378-388, 2010). Our present study aimed to investigate whether a belief in God, practicing religious behavior and religious denomination affected gaming behavior. Data were derived from a Western cohort of young men (Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors, n = 5990).

Supra-molecular ecobionanocomposites based on polylactide and cellulosic nanowhiskers: synthesis and properties.

Successful filler dispersion and establishment of good interfacial contact with the surrounding matrix are essential for optimized reinforcement in polymeric nanocomposites. In particular, in renewable-based composites this can be challenging, where hydrophilic attractions between nanofillers facilitate aggregation. Here an innovative approach to prepare cellulosic nanowhisker (CNW) reinforced polylactide (PLA) is presented.

100th anniversary of Perusini's second case: patient RM and his kindred.

The first 4 cases of Alzheimer's disease published by Alois Alzheimer's laboratory were authored by the young Italian physician Gaetano Perusini. In his discourse, ''Uber klinisch und histologisch eigenartige Erkrankungen des späteren Lebensalters'' Perusini describes 4 cases of histological and clinical findings of peculiar psychiatric diseases of older age. With regard to case number II, Perusini remarks ''since 1899 RM has psychically changed.

Single-step method for the isolation and surface functionalization of cellulosic nanowhiskers.

Surface modification of cellulosic nanowhiskers (CNW) is of great interest, especially to facilitate their use as polymer reinforcements. Generally, alteration of the surface chemistry is performed using multiple reaction steps. In contrast, this study demonstrates that the needed hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose chains can be performed simultaneously with the esterification of accessible hydroxyl groups to produce surface functionalized CNW in a single step.

Cellulosic nanowhiskers. Theory and application of light scattering from polydisperse spheroids in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye regime.

Mathematical treatment of light scattering within the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye limit for spheroids with polydispersity in both length and diameter is developed and experimentally tested using cellulosic nanowhiskers (CNW). Polydispersity indices are obtained by fitting the theoretical formfactor to experimental data. Good agreement is achieved using a polydispersity of 2.