Epidemiological investigation of a cholera outbreak in Nepal-India border communities: Public health implications.

Objectives: On October 4, 2021, a cholera outbreak was reported in Kapilvastu District, one of Nepal's 26 districts bordering India. This study examined the outbreak's characteristics, response efforts, and the challenges faced.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was applied for the outbreak investigation.

Semiclassical Transition State Theory (SCTST) Rate Coefficients for the Unimolecular Decomposition of the Ethoxy (CHCHO) Radical.

The thermal unimolecular decay of ethoxy is important in high-temperature combustion environments where the ethoxy radical is a key reactive intermediate. Two dissociation pathways of ethoxy, including the β-C-C scission to yield CH + CHO and the H-elimination to make H + CHCHO, were characterized using a high-level coupled-cluster-based composite quantum chemical method (mHEAT-345(Q)). The former route is found to be dominant while the latter is insignificant, in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies.

The effect of hydrogen bonding on the reactivity of OH radicals with prenol and isoprenol: a shock tube and multi-structural torsional variational transition state theory study.

The presence of two functional groups (OH and double bond) in C methyl-substituted enols (, isopentenols), such as 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (prenol) and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (isoprenol), makes them excellent biofuel candidates as fuel additives. As OH radicals are abundant in both combustion and atmospheric environments, OH-initiated oxidation of these isopentenols over wide ranges of temperatures and pressures needs to be investigated. In alkenes, OH addition to the double bond is prominent at low temperatures (, below ∼700 K), and H-atom abstraction dominates at higher temperatures.

Reaction kinetics of 1,4-cyclohexadienes with OH radicals: an experimental and theoretical study.

This work presents the OH-initiated oxidation kinetics of 1,4-cyclochexadiene (1,4-CHD). The temperature dependence of the reaction was investigated by utilizing a laser flash photolysis flow reactor and laser-induced fluorescence (LPFR/LIF) technique over the temperature range of 295-438 K and a pressure of ∼50 torr. The kinetics of the reaction was followed by measuring the LIF signal of OH radicals near 308 nm.

The kinetics of the reactions of Br atoms with the xylenes: an experimental and theoretical study.

This work reports the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic bromine with the xylenes that are determined experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were carried out in a Pyrex chamber equipped with fluorescent lamps to measure the rate coefficients at temperatures from 295 K to 346 K. Experiments were made at several concentrations of oxygen to assess its potential kinetic role under atmospheric conditions and to validate comparison of our rate coefficients with those obtained by others using air as the diluent.

Cyclic Ketones as Future Fuels: Reactivity with OH Radicals.

For a sustainable energy future, research directions should orient toward exploring new fuels suitable for future advanced combustion engines to achieve better engine efficiency and significantly less harmful emissions. Cyclic ketones, among bio-derived fuels, are of significant interest to the combustion community for several reasons. As they possess high resistance to autoignition characteristics, they can potentially be attractive for fuel blending applications to increase engine efficiency and also to mitigate harmful emissions.

Insights into the Reactions of Hydroxyl Radical with Diolefins from Atmospheric to Combustion Environments.

Hydroxyl radicals and olefins are quite important from a combustion and an atmospheric chemistry standpoint. Large amounts of olefinic compounds are emitted into the earth's atmosphere from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Olefins make a significant share in transportation fuels (e.

A combined high-temperature experimental and theoretical kinetic study of the reaction of dimethyl carbonate with OH radicals.

The reaction kinetics of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and OH radicals were investigated behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range of 872-1295 K and at pressures near 1.5 atm. Reaction progress was monitored by detecting OH radicals at 306.

H-Abstraction by OH from Large Branched Alkanes: Overall Rate Measurements and Site-Specific Tertiary Rate Calculations.

Reaction rate coefficients for the reaction of hydroxyl (OH) radicals with nine large branched alkanes (i.e., 2-methyl-3-ethyl-pentane, 2,3-dimethyl-pentane, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, 2,2,3-trimethyl-pentane, 2,3,4-trimethyl-pentane, 3-ethyl-pentane, 2,2,3,4-tetramethyl-pentane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-ethyl-pentane, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl-pentane) are measured at high temperatures (900-1300 K) using a shock tube and narrow-line-width OH absorption diagnostic in the UV region.

Correction: A shock tube study of the branching ratios of propene + OH reaction.

Correction for 'A shock tube study of the branching ratios of propene + OH reaction' by Jihad Badra et al., Phys. Chem.

High-Temperature Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Unimolecular Dissociation of 1,3,5-Trioxane.

Unimolecular dissociation of 1,3,5-trioxane was investigated experimentally and theoretically over a wide range of conditions. Experiments were performed behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range of 775-1082 K and pressures near 900 Torr using a high-repetition rate time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) coupled to a shock tube (ST). Reaction products were identified directly, and it was found that formaldehyde is the sole product of 1,3,5-trioxane dissociation.

A shock tube study of the branching ratios of propene + OH reaction.

Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of the OH radical with propene (C3H6) and five deuterated isotopes, propene-1-D1 (CDHCHCH3), propene-1,1-D2 (CD2CHCH3), propene-1,1,2-D3 (CD2CDCH3), propene-3,3,3-D3 (CH2CHCD3), and propene-D6 (C3D6), were measured behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range of 818-1460 K and pressures near 1 atm. The reaction progress was followed by monitoring the OH radical near 306.7 nm using UV laser absorption.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the kinetics of the reaction of atomic chlorine with 1,4-dioxane.

The rate coefficients for the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with atomic chlorine were measured from T = 292-360 K using the relative rate method. The reference reactant was isobutane and the experiments were made in argon with atomic chlorine produced by photolysis of small concentrations of Cl2. The rate coefficients were put on an absolute basis by using the published temperature dependence of the absolute rate coefficients for the reference reaction.

Kinetics of the reactions of Cl atoms with several ethers.

The reactions of Cl with tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and dimethyl ether have been studied as a function of temperature, pressure, and O(2) concentration. The temperature was varied from approximately 280 to 360 K, the mole fraction of O(2) ranged from zero to approximately 0.6, and the experiments were made in a bath of argon at total pressures ranging from approximately 300 to 760 Torr.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the self-reaction of phenyl radicals.

A combination of experiment and theory is applied to the self-reaction kinetics of phenyl radicals. The dissociation of phenyl iodide is observed with both time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOF-MS, and laser schlieren, LS, diagnostics coupled to a diaphragmless shock tube for temperatures ranging from 1276 to 1853 K. The LS experiments were performed at pressures of 22 +/- 2, 54 +/- 7, and 122 +/- 6 Torr, and the TOF-MS experiments were performed at pressures in the range 500-700 Torr.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the kinetics of the reaction of atomic bromine with 1,4-dioxane.

The rate coefficient for the reaction of atomic bromine with 1,4-dioxane was measured from approximately 300 to 340 K using the relative rate method. Iso-octane and iso-butane were used as reference compounds, and the experiments were made in a bath of argon containing up to 210 Torr of O(2) at total pressures between 200 and 820 Torr. The rate coefficients were not affected by changes in pressure or O(2) concentration over our range of experimental conditions.

Temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic bromine with toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyran.

The rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic bromine with toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyran were measured from approximately 295 to 362 K using the relative rate method. Iso-octane was used as the reference compound for the reaction with toluene, and iso-octane and toluene were used as the reference compounds for the reaction with tetrahydrofuran; tetrahydrofuran was used as the reference compound for the reaction with tetrahydropyran. The rate coefficients were found to be unaffected by changes in pressure and oxygen concentration.

A diaphragmless shock tube for high temperature kinetic studies.

A novel, diaphragmless shock tube (DFST) has been developed for use in high temperature chemical kinetic studies. The design of the apparatus is presented along with performance data that demonstrate the range and reproducibility of reaction conditions that can be generated. The ability to obtain data in the fall off region, confined to much narrower pressure ranges than can be obtained with a conventional shock tube is shown, and results from laser schlieren densitometry experiments on the unimolecular dissociation of phenyl iodide (P(2)=57+/-9 and 122+/-7 torr, T(2)=1250-1804 K) are presented.

An experimental and theoretical high temperature kinetic study of the thermal unimolecular dissociation of fluoroethane.

The thermal dissociation of fluoroethane has been studied using shock tube (ST)/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) at 500 and 1200 Torr over the temperature range 1200-1550 K. The ST/TOF-MS experiments confirm that elimination of HF is the only reaction channel and rate coefficients for this reaction were extracted from concentration/time profiles derived from the mass spectra. Results from a novel diaphragmless shock tube coupled to the TOF-MS are also presented and demonstrate the unique ability of this apparatus to generate sufficiently reproducible shock waves that signal averaging can be performed over multiple experiments; something that is not possible with a conventional shock tube.

Shock tube study of dissociation and relaxation in 1,1-difluoroethane and vinyl fluoride.

This paper reports measurements of the thermal dissociation of 1,1-difluoroethane in the shock tube. The experiments employ laser-schlieren measurements of rate for the dominant HF elimination using 10% 1,1-difluoroethane in Kr over 1500-2000 K and 43 < P < 424 torr. The vinyl fluoride product of this process then dissociates affecting the late observations.

Shock tube/time-of-flight mass spectrometer for high temperature kinetic studies.

A shock tube (ST) with online, time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF-MS) detection has been constructed for the study of elementary reactions at high temperature. The ST and TOF-MS are coupled by a differentially pumped molecular beam sampling interface, which ensures that the samples entering the TOF-MS are not contaminated by gases drawn from the cold end wall thermal boundary layer in the ST. Additionally, the interface allows a large range of postshock pressures to be used in the shock tube while maintaining high vacuum in the TOF-MS.

Reaction of hydrogen atoms with propyne at high temperatures: an experimental and theoretical study.

The kinetics of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with propyne (pC3H4) was experimentally studied in a shock tube at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1400 K and pressures between 1.3 and 4.0 bar with Ar as the bath gas.

Dissociation of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane behind reflected shock waves: shock tube/time-of-flight mass spectrometry experiments.

The dissociation of 1,1,1,-trifluoroethane, a potential non-RRKM reaction, has been studied at 600 and 1200 Torr and high temperatures (1500-1840 K) using a new shock tube/time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ST/TOF-MS). These data obtained by an independent method are in good agreement with the laser schlieren, LS, experiments of Kiefer et al. [J.