A literature review of contacting force measurement methods for pedestrian crowds.

This article reviewed state-of-the-art achievements in pedestrian contacting force measurement as a hotspot survey closer to ground truth supporting pedestrian dynamics in mass-gathering environments. It analyzed different forces acting on pedestrian bodies, including normal external forces, self-driven forces, abnormal external forces, and pedestrian motion constraint forces from other obstacles, besides the crowding posture on the force distribution. This review covered main methodologies: sophisticated pressure sensors, modern technology for pedestrian motion-capturing systems, and advanced numerical simulations.

The signal quality improvement of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy due to the microwave plasma torch modulation.

Background: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile analytical technique for element determination in solids, liquids, and gases. However, LIBS suffers from low detection sensitivity and high relative standard deviation (RSD), restricting its large-scale applications. the process of a physical sampling can, in some cases, compromise the mechanical strength of the component under examination.

Two "turn on" fluorescence probes based on nitroso recognition group for detecting hydrogen sulfide.

Hydrogen sulfide is a vital signaling molecule which holds a pivotal position in numerous biological functions. In this research, two novel "OFF-ON" fluorescence probes named YNO and TNO were designed based on the nitroso recognition group to detect HS. Both YNO and TNO performed outstanding response rate and linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of HS.

Novel fluorescence probe for ClO in living cells: Based on FRET mechanism.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) as a kind of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in many biological processes. Organic fluorescence probes have attracted great interests for the detection of HClO, due to their relatively high selectivity and sensitivity, satisfactory spatiotemporal resolution and good biocompatibility. Constructing fluorescence probes to detect HClO with advantages of large Stokes shift, wide emission gap, near infrared emission and good water solubility is still challenging.

An efficient dual-function fluorescent probe for sulfites and sulfides and its imaging application in cells.

As gas signaling molecules in organisms, SO derivatives and HS play crucial regulating roles in a series of physiological processes. Therefore, developing an assay that can accurately monitor the concentration of SO derivatives and HS in cells is extremely important for the research and treatment of related illnesses. A bifunctional probe SN-F based on FRET mechanism for SO derivatives and HS was designed.