Pd-Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclization of Alkyne-cyclohexadienones and -Akynyl Benzenesulfonamides for Construction of Fused Tricyclic Hydronaphthofurans.

A palladium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization of 1,6-enynes with unsymmetrical alkynes has been successfully accomplished, resulting in the formation of a series of fused tricyclic hydronaphthofurans with high stereo- and regioselectivity in a single step. This reaction demonstrates 100% atomic economy and exhibits a broad substrate scope.

One-pot transfer hydrogenation and reductive amination of polyenals.

The efficient preparation of long-chain amines a one-step transfer-hydrogenation/reductive-amination reaction (THRA) of polyenals has been achieved. This strategy, which combines transfer hydrogenation and reductive amination, significantly enhances the synthetic efficiency of amino compounds. Additionally, this protocol offers a practical method for carbon-chain elongation/amination to construct long-chain amino compounds.

Geographical distribution and ecological niche dynamics of Crassostrea sikamea (Amemiya, 1928) in China's coastal regions under climate change.

Global climate change drives species redistribution, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem heterogeneity. The Kumamoto oyster, Crassostrea sikamea (Amemiya, 1928), one of the most promising aquaculture species because of its delayed reproductive timing, was once prevalent in southern China. In this study, an ensemble species distribution model was employed to analyze the distribution range shift and ecological niche dynamics of C.

Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones via Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Dibenzoxaborins.

The development of Pd(II)-catalyzed dearomatization transformation of dibenzoxaborins with alkynes triggered by transmetalation from boron to palladium has been achieved, leading to the synthesis of spirocyclohexadienones, an important skeleton demonstrating potential biomedical utility. The [3 + 2] spiroannulation exhibits remarkable regioselectivity and broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions. This methodology employs dibenzoxaborin as a substrate to establish the formal dearomatization of 2-phenylphenol, which poses a formidable energy barrier to the destruction of aromaticity.

Synthesis of Bridged Cycloisoxazoline Scaffolds via Rhodium-Catalyzed Coupling of Nitrones with Cyclic Carbonate.

Bridged isoxazolidines were synthesized via Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H allylation of α-aryl nitrones with 5-methylene-1,3-dioxan-2-one. The nitrone group serves as a directing group and 1,3-dipole in the C-H activation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade, exhibiting excellent chemo- and stereoselectivity along with good functional group compatibility. The resulting skeletal structure was conveniently modified to produce a range of important chemical frameworks, and the protocol was applied to biologically active molecules.

Integrated Sensor-Optics Communication System Using Bidirectional Fiber and FSO Channels and Hybrid Deep Learning Techniques.

This paper introduces a new bidirectional integration approach that combines fiber sensor/free space optics (FSO) communication using an intensity and wavelength division multiplexer (IWDM) techniques-based long-distance fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor strain-sensing system. By implementing coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM), the system achieves the simultaneous transmission of optical communication and fiber optical sensor (FOS) sensing signals, resulting in a highly capable, flexible, and cost-effective solution. The proposed FSO transmission technique addresses complex fiber cable installation concerns with topographical limitations.

Asymmetric [5+1] Annulation via C-H Activation/1,4-Rh Migration/Double Bond Shift Using a Transformable Pyridazine Directing Group.

-Heterocycle-assisted C-H activation/annulation reactions have provided new concepts for the construction and transformation of azacycles. In this work, we disclose a [5+1] annulation reaction using a novel transformable pyridazine directing group (DG). The DG-transformable reaction mode led to the construction of a new heterocyclic ring accompanied by transformation of the original pyridazine directing group via a C-H activation/1,4-Rh migration/double bond shift pathway, affording the skeleton of pyridazino[6,1-]quinazolines with a good substrate scope under mild conditions.

Ru(II)-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2-Hydropyridines via a Three-Component Reaction.

A ruthenium(II)-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of highly substituted 1,2-dihydropyridines (DHPs) via a three-component reaction system has been realized. The reaction is conducted using a simple Ru(II) catalyst without the addition of specific ligands. The catalytic system exhibits good functionality tolerance with a wide range of starting materials.

Rhodium-catalyzed remote difunctionalization of arenes assisted by a relay directing group.

Rhodium-catalyzed diverse tandem twofold C-H bond activation reactions of -olefin-tethered arenes have been realized, with unsaturated reagents such as internal alkynes, dioxazolones, and isocyanates being the coupling partner as well as a relay directing group which triggers cyclization of the -olefin group under oxidative or redox-neutral conditions. The reaction proceeded initial -C-H activation assisted by a built-in directing group in the arene, and the -incorporation of the unsaturated coupling partner simultaneously generated a relay directing group that allows sequential C-H activation at the -position and subsequent cyclization of the -olefins. The overall reaction represents C-C or N-C difunctionalization of the arene with the generation of diverse 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran platforms.

Zearalenone exposure mediated hepatotoxicity via mitochondrial apoptotic and autophagy pathways: Associated with gut microbiome and metabolites.

Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin is frequently detected in different food products and has been widely studied for its toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxic effects, relationship between gut microbiome and liver metabolite mediated hepatotoxicity mechanisms induced by ZEN are still not clear. Here, we reported that the different microscopic changes like swelling of hepatocyte, disorganization of hepatocytes and extensive vacuolar degeneration were observed, and the mitochondrial functions decreased in exposed mice.

Integrated Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheic Giraffes.

Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be associated with multiple gastrointestinal diseases, but information regarding the gut microbial alternations in diarrheic giraffe remains scarce. Here, 16S rDNA and ITS gene amplicon sequencing were conducted to investigate the gut microbial composition and variability in diarrheic giraffes. Results demonstrated that and were the most dominant phyla in the gut bacterial community, whereas and were observed to be predominant in the gut fungal community regardless of health status.

Rh(III)-Catalyzed Annulation of 2-Biphenylboronic Acid with Diverse Activated Alkenes.

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed annulation of 2-biphenylboronic acids with three classes of activated alkenes has been realized, leading to the synthesis of fused or bridged cyclic skeletons via transmetalation-initiated C-H activation. In the annulative coupling of 2-biphenylboronic acid with a CF-substituted enone, the bulky cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp) in the catalyst proved effective to promote the reductive elimination process prior to protonolysis, affording the [4 + 2] annulated products instead of the simple 1,4-addition product. Seven-membered rings were obtained when disubstituted cyclopropenones were employed.

The potential risks of herbicide butachlor to immunotoxicity via induction of autophagy and apoptosis in the spleen.

Butachlor being an important member of chloroacetanilide herbicides, is frequently used in agriculture to control unwanted weeds. Exposure to butachlor can induce cancer, human lymphocyte aberration, and immunotoxic effects in animals. The current experimental trial was executed to determine the potential risks of herbicide butachlor to immunotoxicity and its mechanism of adverse effects on the spleen.

Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed asymmetric [4+1] spiroannulations of O-pivaloyl oximes with α-diazo compounds.

Chiral Rh catalysts can catalyze the asymmetric [4+1] spiroannulation of O-pivaloyl oximes with α-diazo homophthalimides under redox-neutral and acid/base-neutral conditions, leading to formation of chiral spirocyclic imines as a result of C-H activation and N-O cleavage. The reaction proceeded with high efficiency and features broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, and high to excellent enantioselectivities.

Exposure to the herbicide butachlor activates hepatic stress signals and disturbs lipid metabolism in mice.

Butachlor is a systemic herbicide widely applied on wheat, rice, beans, and different other crops, and is frequently detected in groundwater, surface water, and soil. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the potential adverse health risks and the underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity caused by exposure to butachlor in invertebrates, other nontarget animals, and public health. For this reason, a total of 20 mice were obtained and randomly divided into two groups.

Long-term copper exposure promotes apoptosis and autophagy by inducing oxidative stress in pig testis.

Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal which is being used widely in the industry and agriculture. However, the overuse of Cu makes it a common environmental pollutant. In order to investigate the testicular toxicity of Cu, the pigs were divided into three groups and were given Cu at 10 (control), 125, and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine Induces Autophagy to Promote Mouse Spermatogonia Cell Recovery after Heat Stress Damage.

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an effective substrate for mitochondrial energy metabolism and is known to prevent neurodegeneration and attenuate heavy metal-induced injury. In this study, we investigated the function of ALC in the recovery of mouse spermatogonia cells (GC-1 cells) after heat stress (HS). The cells were randomly divided into three groups: control group, HS group (incubated at 42°C for 90 min), and HS + ALC group (treatment of 150 M ALC after incubated at 42°C for 90 min).

The hepatotoxicity of altrazine exposure in mice involves the intestinal microbiota.

Atrazine (ATR), a bio accumulative herbicide is frequently used in agriculture to control unwanted weeds. Due to continuous application, atrazine persists in the environment and causes deleterious impacts including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and gut microbiota disorders. Therefore, this study for the first time reports the variation in the gut microbiota, induction of process of apoptosis and autophagy in mice induced by ATR.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Amino Alcohols via Desymmetrization of gem-Dimethyl Groups.

Desymmetrization of gem-dimethyl groups en route to the rhodium(III)-catalyzed enantioselective sp C-H amidation is reported. Synthetically important β-amino alcohol derivatives were accessed in moderate to good yields and high enantioselectivity. The high enantioselectivity is enabled by an appropriate oxime directing group, sterically biased gem-groups in the C-H substrate, and high reactivity of the amidating reagent.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Atroposelective Construction of Indoles via C-H Bond Activation.

Reported herein is the rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H activation of anilines bearing an N-isoquinolyl directing group for oxidative [3+2] annulation with four classes of internal alkynes, leading to atroposelective indole synthesis via dynamic kinetic annulation with C-N reductive elimination constituting the stereo-determining step. This reaction proceeds under mild conditions with high regio- and enantioselectivity and functional group compatibility.

Rh(iii)-Catalyzed acylation of heteroarenes with cyclobutenones via C-H/C-C bond activation.

Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C-H acylation of heteroarenes has been realized using cyclobutenones as an acylating reagent. This coupling proceeded via integration of C-H activation of heteroarenes and C-C cleavage of cyclobutenones. The reaction features excellent regio/chemoselectivity leading to versatile chalcones with exclusive E-selectivity.