Visible light-promoted C3-H alkoxycarbonylation of quinoxalin-2(1)-ones or coumarins with alkyloxalyl chlorides.

Herein, we describe a green and efficient photoredox catalytic C3-H alkoxycarbonylation between quinoxalin-2(1)-ones or coumarins and readily available alkyloxalyl chlorides under ambient conditions. A series of quinoxaline-3-carbonyl and coumarin-3-carbonyl compounds are prepared through the radical addition of -generated alkoxycarbonyl radicals. Notably, this protocol features mild conditions, operational simplicity, and excellent functional group tolerance.

Immunization with a low dose of zymosan A confers resistance to depression-like behavior and neuroinflammatory responses in chronically stressed mice.

Stimulation of the innate immune system prior to stress exposure is a possible strategy to prevent depression under stressful conditions. Based on the innate immune system stimulating activities of zymosan A, we hypothesize that zymosan A may prevent the development of chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior. Our results showed that a single injection of zymosan A 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 2 or 4 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 1 mg/kg, prevented the development of depression-like behaviors in mice treated with chronic social defeat stress (CSDS).

The cost of "snubbing": the effect of parental phubbing on filial piety behavior in children and adolescents.

Background: Although numerous studies have used Chinese samples to examine the consequences of parental phubbing, these studies focused on children's mental health and peer interaction. No research to date has directly explored the association between parental phubbing and child-parent interaction. Since parental phubbing is a way how parents interact with their children (parent-child), it might be associated with the way how children interact with their parents (child-parent), such as filial piety behavior, which prescribes how children behave toward their parents and remains one of the goals of parents in educating their children in modern Chinese society.

Obligatory role of microglia-mobilized hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling in the prophylactic effect of β-glucan on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.

Our previous studies have reported that pre-stimulation of microglia before stress stimulation is a possible strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are still unclear. Here, we used β-glucan, a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with immunomodulatory activities that cannot elicit pro-inflammatory responses in microglia, to address this issue. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan one day before stress exposure dose-dependently prevented the depression-like behaviors triggered by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), which peaked at 20 mg/kg and prevented the impairment of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, a pathological process critical for the progression of depression-like phenotypes.

Mobilization of the innate immune response by a specific immunostimulant β-glucan confers resistance to chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior by preventing neuroinflammatory responses.

Pre-stimulation of the innate immune response is an effective strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes in animals. However, the use of conventional immunostimulants may cause adverse effects. Therefore, the search for agents that stimulate the innate immune response but do not induce a pro-inflammatory response could be a new research direction for the prevention of depression.

Visible-Light-Induced Defluorinative α-C(sp)-H Alkylation for the Synthesis of -Difluoroallylated α-Trifluoromethylamines.

Herein, we describe a novel and efficient photoredox catalytic C radical addition/defluoroalkylation coupling reaction between α-trifluoromethyl alkenes and -trifluoroethyl hydroxylamine. A series of -difluoroallylated α-trifluoromethylamines were synthesized by the C radical addition enabled by a 1,2-H shift of the in situ-generated trifluoroethyl radical. Notably, this protocol is distinguished by its mild conditions, easy operation, and excellent functional group tolerability.

Microglia-Dependent Reversal of Depression-Like Behaviors in Chronically Stressed Mice by Administration of a Specific Immuno-stimulant β-Glucan.

In recent years, the decline of microglia in the hippocampus has been shown to play a role in the development of depression, and its reversal shows marked antidepressant-like effects. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has numerous beneficial effects on the nervous system, including improving axon regeneration and cognition. Considering its immuno-stimulatory activities in cultured microglia and brain tissues, we hypothesize that β-glucan may be a potential candidate to correct the functional deficiency of microglia and thereby alleviate depression-like behaviors in chronically stressed animals.

β-glucan, a specific immuno-stimulant, produces rapid antidepressant effects by stimulating ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus.

A decline in microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has recently been described as an important mechanism for the progression of depression. Reversal of this decline by innate immune system stimulants may represent a novel strategy to ameliorate the depressive phenotype in chronically stressed animals. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Microglial stimulation triggered by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration produces antidepressant-like effect through ERK1/2-mediated BDNF synthesis in the hippocampus.

We recently reported that reversing the chronic stress-induced decline of microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus by intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ameliorated depression-like behavior in chronically stressed mice. In this study, we found that a single intranasal administration of LPS dose-dependently improved depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), as evidenced by the reduction of immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) and by the increase of sucrose uptake in the sucrose preference test (SPT). The antidepressant effects of intranasal administration of LPS could be abolished by inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody, by knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele, or by the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a.

Zymosan A produces a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in chronically stressed mice by stimulating hippocampal microglia.

Recent studies had reported that compounds that stimulate microglia could be developed as potential drugs for the treatment of depression due to their reversal effect on depression-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Zymosan A is a cell wall preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae composed of β-glucans. Based on its immuno-stimulatory activities, we hypothesized that zymosan A might have a therapeutic effect on depression.

Intranasal Monophosphoryl Lipid a Administration Ameliorates depression-like Behavior in Chronically Stressed Mice Through Stimulation of Microglia.

We and others have reported that systematic stimulation of the central innate immune system by a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can improve depression-like behavior in chronically stressed animals. However, it is unclear whether similar stimulation by intranasal administration could improve depression-like behavior in animals. We investigated this question using monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of LPS that lacks the adverse effects of LPS but is still immuno-stimulatory.

Intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide reverses chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice by microglial stimulation.

We recently reported that intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed depression-like behavior in mice induced by chronic stress by stimulating microglia in the hippocampus. In this study, we found that a single intranasal administration of LPS at a dose of 5 or 10 μg/mouse, but not at a dose of 1 μg/mouse, rapidly reversed depression-like behavior in mice stimulated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). In the time-dependent experiment, a single intranasal administration of LPS (10 μg/mouse) reversed CUS-induced depression-like behavior in mice 5 and 8 h but not 3 h after drug administration.