Researchers identified a pathogenicity island (PAI) of about 32-kb in Yersinia entomophaga MH96, which contains key genes responsible for insecticidal properties, including toxin complex components and chitinases.
Deleting the central region of the PAI (which includes the toxin genes) rendered the bacteria harmless to Costelytra zealandica larvae, demonstrating the importance of these genes for virulence.
When the researchers reintroduced the complete TC gene region into a mutant strain, it restored its ability to kill insects, highlighting the significant role of the toxin complex in the bacterium's pathogenicity.
- Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans cause a disease called amber disease in grass grub larvae (Costelytra zealandica) due to three virulence genes, sepABC, found on a large plasmid (pADAP).
- The sep genes encode proteins that are part of a toxin complex that targets insects, and researchers used an inducible promoter to control the expression of these genes for experiments.
- Bioassays revealed that symptoms of amber disease in larvae only occurred when all three sep genes were expressed together, and after two weeks, about 64% of infected larvae showed recovery, although re-exposure to the Sep protein caused the disease to return.
Strains of Serratia spp. showed a high level of virulence when injected into the hemocoel of larvae Costelytra zealandica, with Serratia entomophila, S. plymuthica, and S.