Semantic and syntactic processing of emojis in sentential intermediate positions.

The current study investigated the neuro mechanisms of emoji processing as sentence predicate in written context. In the hybrid textuality which is more cognitively engaging, emojis in sentential intermediate positions were designed as either congruent or incongruent to the context. The results showed that incongruent words led to a robust N400 effect, while incongruent emojis only elicited the P600 effect.

EEG theta responses induced by emoji semantic violations.

This study investigated emoji semantic processing by measuring changes in event-related electroencephalogram (EEG) power. The last segment of experimental sentences was designed as either words or emojis consistent or inconsistent with the sentential context. The results showed that incongruent emojis led to a conspicuous increase of theta power (4-7 Hz), while incongruent words induced a decrease.

Processing network emojis in Chinese sentence context: An ERP study.

As network emojis play an increasingly important role in modern communications, the question of how semantic processing of emojis is performed in the context arises. By comparing the N400 and P600 effects of emojis and words in contextually incongruent conditions, we investigated the neural basis of semantic processing of emojis. We found that incongruent words elicited robust N400 and P600 effects, while emojis only generated a more conspicuous and sustained N400 effect.