Comparative profiling of the absorbed compounds and metabolites, and pharmacokinetic studies of Danshen-Chuanxiong herb pair in rat plasma and brain using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Danshen-Chuanxiong (DS-CX) was a classic herb pair commonly used to treat ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, the metabolic conversion and pharmacokinetic behavior of DS-CX in vivo remains unclear. This work aimed to reveal the in vivo metabolic behavior of DS-CX through establishing metabolic profiles and performing multicomponent pharmacokinetics analysis.

Effects of different phosphorus and potassium supply on the root architecture, phosphorus and potassium uptake, and utilization efficiency of hydroponic rice.

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) affect seedling growth, root configuration, and nutrient uptake in hydroponic rice, but there are few studies on all growth stages of rice. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the response characteristics of root morphology, plant physiology, and P and K uptake and utilization efficiency to different supplies of P and K. Two local conventional rice varieties (Shennong 265 and Liaojing 294) were used as experimental materials across four treatments, including HPHK (sufficient P and K supply), HPLK (sufficient P supply under low K levels), LPHK (sufficient K supply under low P levels) and LPLK (low P and K levels) in a hydroponic setting.

Analysis of Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice in Northern China: Yield, Quality Status, and Quality Improvement Directions.

China is the only country that extensively cultivates the indica and japonica rice varieties, with the largest japonica rice production area being in northeast China. A study of the relationship between the yield and quality of japonica rice and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on this relationship is important. In this paper, we aimed to assess the current yield and quality of japonica rice in northeast China.

Effects of biochar application methods on greenhouse gas emission and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields.

Biochar application in rice production reduces nitrogen loss and greenhouse gases. We conducted in situ experiments for 3 years, with NB (210 kg N ha) as the control. Two biochar application methods (B:15 t ha biochar applied once and B: biochar applied three times at 5 t ha yr) combined with two nitrogen levels (N: 210 kg N ha and N: 168 kg N ha) were used.

Identification of novel key markers that are induced during traumatic brain injury in mice.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emerged as an increasing public health problem but has not been well studied, particularly the mechanisms of brain cellular behaviors during TBI.

Methods: In this study, we established an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury mice model using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) strategy. After then, RNA-sequencing of frontal lobes was performed to screen key inducers during TBI.

Elucidating the chemical interaction effects of herb pair Danshen-Chuanxiong and its anti-ischemic stroke activities evaluation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong) is the core herb pair in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) formulae for treating ischemic stroke. However, the synergistic effect of Danshen-Chuanxiong against anti-ischemic stroke and its compatibility mechanism remains unclear.

The Use of Blended Teaching in Higher Medical Education during the Pandemic Era.

Objective: This study aims to compare the effect of blended teaching and traditional teaching in higher medical education during the pandemic era.

Methods: Taking the teaching of neurology as an example, 293 Yangzhou University Clinical Medicine 2016 undergraduate students were selected as the research subjects, and were randomly divided into 2 groups a blended teaching group ( = 148) and a traditional teaching group ( = 145), and received blended teaching and traditional teaching, respectively. The blended teaching was based on a Massive Open Online Course, problem-based learning, and case-based learning and supplemented by Tencent video conferences, QQ messaging groups, and other auxiliary teaching tools.

FeO Nanozymes Improve Neuroblast Differentiation and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in D-Galactose-Induced Aged Mice.

Aging is a process associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and the reduction in neurogenesis, and is the greatest known risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. However, the effects of FeO nanozymes on neurogenesis have rarely been studied. This study examined the effects of FeO nanozymes on neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) and BBB integrity of D-galactose-induced aged mice.

The efficacy and risk factors of mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of vertebrobasilar artery occlusion: a single center study.

Background: The mortality of acute ischemic stroke patients caused by vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (VBAO) is high and mechanical thrombectomy has gradually become a promising treatment for acute ischemic stroke. This study analyzed the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy and the risk factors associated with poor outcomes in VBAO patients caused by severe local atherosclerotic stenosis.

Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by VBAO between March 1, 2016 and August 31, 2019.

Protective effects of natural compounds against oxidative stress in ischemic diseases and cancers via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway: A mini review.

Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, has been seen in the pathological states of many disorders such as ischemic diseases and cancers. Many natural compounds (NCs) have long been recognized to ameliorate oxidative stress due to their inherent antioxidant activities. The modulation of oxidative stress by NCs via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway is summarized in the review.

Pretreatment of Populus tomentiglandulosa protects hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils via increasing SODs expressions and maintaining BDNF and IGF-I expressions.

To examine the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT) extract on the expressions of antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factors in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus at 5 min after inducing transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in gerbils, TGCI was induced by occlusion of common carotid arteries for 5 min. Before ischemic surgery, 200 mg·kg PT extract was orally administrated once daily for 7 d. We performed neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B staining.

FTY720 attenuates iron deposition and glial responses in improving delayed lesion and long-term outcomes of collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage.

Most intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) survivors have poor long-term outcomes, such as cognitive deficits and depression. Delayed lesions of ICH include neuron loss and white matter injury and the pathology of the lesions involves iron deposition and glial responses, which contribute to depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FTY720 (0.

Icariin Improves Cognitive Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury by Enhancing Hippocampal Acetylation.

Objective: To examine the effect of icariin (ICA) on the cognitive impairment induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice and the underlying mechanisms related to changes in hippocampal acetylation level.

Methods: The modifified free-fall method was used to establish the TBI mouse model. Mice with post-TBI cognitive impairment were randomly divided into 3 groups using the randomised block method (n=7): TBI (vehicle-treated), low-dose (75 mg/kg) and high-dose (150 mg/kg) of ICA groups.

Pretreated Extract Prevents Neuronal Death Following Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia through Increases of Superoxide Dismutase 1 and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expressions in the Gerbil Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 1 Area.

Background: Glehnia littoralis, as a traditional herbal medicine to heal various health ailments in East Asia, displays various therapeutic properties including antioxidant effects. However, neuroprotective effects of G. littoralis against cerebral ischemic insults have not yet been addressed.

Neuroprotection via maintenance or increase of antioxidants and neurotrophic factors in ischemic gerbil hippocampus treated with tanshinone I.

Background: Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia for treatment of various microcirculatory disturbance related diseases. Tanshinones are mainly hydrophobic active components, which have been isolated from Danshen and show various biological functions. In this study, we observed the neuroprotective effect of tanshinone I (TsI) against ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after transient cerebral ischemia and examined its neuroprotective mechanism.

Comparison of alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in the spinal cord between the adult and aged beagle dog.

Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that is richly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems of mammals, and it is related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we compared the distribution of the immunoreactivity of α-syn and its related gliosis in the spinal cord of young adult (2-3 years) and aged (10-12 years) beagle dogs. We discovered that α-syn immunoreactivity was present in many neurons in the thoracic level of the aged spinal cord, however, its protein level was not distinct inform that of the adult spinal cord.

Changes of ribosomal protein S3 immunoreactivity and its new expression in microglia in the mice hippocampus after lipopolysaccharide treatment.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used as a reagent for a model of systemic inflammatory response. Ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) is a multi-functional protein that is involved in transcription, metastasis, DNA repair, and apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the changes of rpS3 immunoreactivity in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration of 1 mg/kg of LPS.

FoxO3a changes in pyramidal neurons and expresses in non-pyramidal neurons and astrocytes in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient cerebral ischemia.

The forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins regulate processes ranging from cell longevity to cell apoptosis and function as transcription factors. FoxO3a is expressed throughout the brain including the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated the changes in FoxO3a immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia.

Differential effects of treadmill exercise on cyclooxygenase-2 in the rat hippocampus at early and chronic stages of diabetes.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is believed to be a multifunctional neural modulator that affects synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated the differential effects of treadmill exercise on COX-2 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus in early and chronic diabetic stages in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean control (ZLC) rats. To this end, ZLC and ZDF rats at 6 or 23 weeks of age were put on a treadmill with or without running for 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days at 16-22 m/min for 5 weeks or 12-16 m/min for 7 weeks, respectively.

Neuroprotection of Alpinia katsumadai Seed Extract against Neuronal Damage in the Ischemic Gerbil Hippocampus is Linked to Altered Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.

The extract of Alpinia katsumadai, a member of the family Zingiberaceae, shows anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity. We observed the neuroprotective effects of the extract from Alpinia katsumadai seed (EAKS) against ischemic damage in gerbils administered oral EAKS (25, and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days before transient cerebral ischemia. In the 50 mg/kg EAKS-treated ischemia group, about 67% of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) survived after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) based on cresyl violet staining.

Differential effects of treadmill exercise on calretinin immunoreactivity in type 2 diabetic rats in early and chronic diabetic stages.

In this study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on calretinin (CR), a marker of early postmitotic neurons, immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, before or after diabetes onset, and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats. For this study, 6-week-old ZLC and prediabetic ZDF rats, and 22-week-old ZLC and ZDF rats were exercised on the treadmill. Sedentary ZLC and ZDF rats of the same age were used as exercise experiment controls.

Differential effects of treadmill exercise in early and chronic diabetic stages on parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of a rat model of type 2 diabetes.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise in early and chronic diabetic stages on parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and its lean control rats (ZLC). To investigate the effects, ZLC and ZDF rats at 6 or 23 weeks of age were put on a treadmill with or without running for 1 h/day/5 consecutive days at 16-22 m/min for 5 weeks or 12-16 m/min for 7 weeks, respectively. Physical exercise in pre-diabetic rats prevented onset of diabetes, while exercise in rats at chronic diabetic stage significantly reduced blood glucose levels.

Ischemia-induced changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin-4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protects against neuronal damages in the brain. In the present study, ischemia-induced changes in GLP-1R immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated after transient cerebral ischemia; in addition, the neuroprotective effect of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) against ischemic damage was studied. GLP-1R immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region were highest at 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

Effect of treadmill exercise on blood glucose, serum corticosterone levels and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in the hippocampus in chronic diabetic rats.

Abnormal excess of glucocorticoid is one of feature characteristics in type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise at chronic diabetic stages on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus, which are very vulnerable to diabetes. For this study, we used Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats.

Maintenance of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of glial activation in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region preconditioned with lipopolysaccharide.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a strong immune response, and pretreatment with low dose of LPS suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators. In the present study, we investigated the effect of LPS preconditioning on the delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. LPS preconditioning showed neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage in the hippocampal CA1 region after ischemic insult: about 92% of neurons in the CA1 region survived in the LPS-treated ischemia group.