Deciphering the Heterogeneity Landscape of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Precise Selection in Translational Medicine.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been considered promising therapeutics for disease treatments. However, MSC-EVs harvested from different tissues present unique biological features reflective of their origins. The heterogeneity of MSC-EVs constitutes an important barrier to their precise application in clinical translation that may probably lead to uncertain therapeutic effects.