Pre-clinical and clinical trials for anesthesia in neonates: gaps and future directions.

Literature examining possible deleterious effects of anesthesia exposure on the developing brain has increased substantially over the past 30 years. Initial concerning findings in animal models, both rodents and non-human primates, prompted increasingly thorough examinations in humans, including randomized controlled trials. This review will provide a concise overview of what we know about anesthesia and the developing brain: the background in animal studies, the most robust results we have in humans, and the work yet to be done.

Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease and Skull Infarction: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Skull infarction is an uncommonly reported complication of sickle cell disease. We aimed to characterize the clinical and imaging features of skull infarction in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease.

Methods: We searched the PubMed database for case reports on skull bone infarction in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease.

AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data.

Differential diagnosis of dementia remains a challenge in neurology due to symptom overlap across etiologies, yet it is crucial for formulating early, personalized management strategies. Here, we present an artificial intelligence (AI) model that harnesses a broad array of data, including demographics, individual and family medical history, medication use, neuropsychological assessments, functional evaluations and multimodal neuroimaging, to identify the etiologies contributing to dementia in individuals. The study, drawing on 51,269 participants across 9 independent, geographically diverse datasets, facilitated the identification of 10 distinct dementia etiologies.

Contrast Staining in Noninfarcted Tissue after Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background And Purpose: Contrast staining is a common finding after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. It typically occurs in infarcted tissue and is considered an indicator of irreversible brain damage. Contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue has not been systematically investigated.

AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data.

Differential diagnosis of dementia remains a challenge in neurology due to symptom overlap across etiologies, yet it is crucial for formulating early, personalized management strategies. Here, we present an AI model that harnesses a broad array of data, including demographics, individual and family medical history, medication use, neuropsychological assessments, functional evaluations, and multimodal neuroimaging, to identify the etiologies contributing to dementia in individuals. The study, drawing on 51,269 participants across 9 independent, geographically diverse datasets, facilitated the identification of 10 distinct dementia etiologies.

Differential Assessment of Internal Jugular Vein Stenosis in Patients Undergoing CT and MRI with Contrast.

Objective: Internal Jugular Vein Stenosis (IJVS) is hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological diseases. We sought to evaluate differences in IJVS assessment between CT and MRI in a retrospective patient cohort.

Methods: We included consecutive patients who had both MRI of the brain and CT of the head and neck with contrast from 1 June 2021 to 30 June 2022 within the same admission.

Curated and Annotated Dataset of Lung US Images in Zambian Children with Clinical Pneumonia.

See also the commentary by Sitek in this issue.

Ultrasound evaluation of brain parenchyma in preterm infants with prenatal opioid exposure.

Objective: To evaluate whether preterm infants with prenatal opioid exposure had differences in brain size on head ultrasounds (HUS) in comparison to non-exposed infants.

Study Design: Preterm infants ≤34 weeks with prenatal opioid exposure (n = 47) and matched non-exposed infants (n = 62) with early HUSs were examined. Fifteen brain measurements were made and linear regression models performed to evaluate differences.

Neonatal neurosonography practices: a survey of active Society for Pediatric Radiology members.

Background: While neonatal brain US is emerging as an imaging modality with greater portability, widespread availability and relative lower cost compared to MRI, it is unknown whether US is being maximized in infants to increase sensitivity in detecting intracranial pathology related to common indications such as hemorrhage, ischemia and ventriculomegaly.

Objective: To survey active members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) regarding their utilization of various cranial US techniques and reporting practices in neonates.

Materials And Methods: We distributed an online 10-question survey to SPR members to assess practice patterns of neonatal cranial US including protocol details, use of additional sonographic views, perceived utility of spectral Doppler evaluation, and germinal matrix hemorrhage and ventricular size reporting preferences.

Utilization of neonatal sedation and anesthesia: an SPR survey.

Background: There is little data regarding the use of sedation and anesthesia for neonatal imaging, with practice patterns varying widely across institutions.

Objective: To understand the current utilization of sedation and anesthesia for neonatal imaging, and review the current literature and recommendations.

Materials And Methods: One thousand, two hundred twenty-six questionnaire invitations were emailed to North American physician members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology using the Survey Monkey platform.

Urgency of Esophageal Foreign Body Removal: Differentiation Between Coins and Button Cell Batteries.

Objective: Coin-shaped button battery foreign bodies have a similar initial presentation to coin ingestion, but delayed retrieval of a battery from the esophagus can have devastating consequences. Variations in timing of retrieval for children with ingestion of coin foreign bodies have been reported. The study assesses the sensitivity and specificity of conventional and digital radiographs to differentiate button batteries from coin foreign bodies.

Cystic cervical lymph nodes of papillary thyroid carcinoma, tuberculosis and human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: utility of deep learning in their differentiation on CT.

Objectives: Cervical lymph nodes with internal cystic changes are seen with several pathologies, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), tuberculosis (TB), and HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+OPSCC). Differentiating these lymph nodes is difficult in the absence of a known primary tumor or reliable medical history. In this study, we assessed the utility of deep learning in differentiating the pathologic lymph nodes of PTC, TB, and HPV+OPSCC on CT.

Utility of deep learning for the diagnosis of otosclerosis on temporal bone CT.

Objective: Diagnosis of otosclerosis on temporal bone CT images is often difficult because the imaging findings are frequently subtle. Our aim was to assess the utility of deep learning analysis in diagnosing otosclerosis on temporal bone CT images.

Methods: A total of 198 temporal bone CT images were divided into the training set (n = 140) and the test set (n = 58).

Ruptured Spinal Aneurysms: Diagnosis and Management Paradigms.

Background: Spinal aneurysms (SA) are rare neurovascular pathologies with an unclear natural history and management strategy. We review the clinical and radiologic manifestations, management, and outcome of patients who presented with spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to ruptured spinal aneurysms over a 10-year period. We provide a literature review about this condition and its management.

Cystic cervical lymph nodes of papillary thyroid carcinoma, tuberculosis and human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Comparative CT analysis for their differentiation.

Purpose: Cervical lymph nodes with cystic changes are an important finding seen with several pathologies including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), tuberculosis (TB) and HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC). In the absence of known primary tumor or conclusive medical history, differentiating among these nodes is difficult. We compared the pathologic nodes of PTC, TB and HPV + OPSCC to identify imaging features useful for their differentiation.

Brain Malformations at All Ages: From Aunt Minnie to Zebras for General Radiologists.

Congenital brain malformations comprise a spectrum of disorders that result from a variety of causes, including genetic abnormalities, ischemia, infections, and toxic exposures. Although most cases are discovered in infancy or childhood, clinically occult abnormalities may prove to be confounding, especially if first encountered later in life on imaging examinations obtained for other indications or in the context of superimposed pathology. This review article provides an overview of congenital brain malformations because they may be encountered at all ages for general radiologists.

Acute Radiologic Manifestations of America's Opioid Epidemic.

The United States is in the midst of an opioid use epidemic, which has severe medical, social, and economic consequences. Addictions to and abuse of prescription and illicit opioids are increasing, and emergency department radiologists are increasingly being faced with the task of examining patients who present with opioid-related complications. These complications may be the result of direct drug toxicity or nonsterile injection of the drugs.

Emergent spinal MRI in IVDU patients presenting with back pain: do we need an MRI in every case?

Purpose: Spinal MRI is the exam of choice for the workup of patients with suspected spinal infection. In this retrospective study, we assess the value of obtaining contrast-enhanced spinal MRI for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute back pain and a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU).

Methods: A retrospective IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant review of the imaging findings, reports and electronic charts of 167 consecutive IV drug-using patients (M/F = 96:71, mean age = 40 years) that presented to the ED with acute back pain over a 55-month period and underwent contrast-enhanced spinal MRI within 24 h.

Expected Sonographic Appearance of the Spleen in Children and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: An Update.

Objectives: To update the imaging literature regarding spleen appearances in young patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study and included 112 patients age 0 to 21 years with SCD who had at least 1 abdominal sonogram at our institution between 1999 and 2011. Radiologic findings were compared between risk groups by χ(2) analysis.

Implications of radiologic-pathologic correlation for gallbladder disease in children and young adults with sickle cell disease.

The purpose of this study is to describe gallbladder imaging findings in patients with sickle cell disease, and to determine how they correspond with occurrence of complications, need for cholecystectomy, and surgical pathology. This study is IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. Informed consent requirements were waived.

Sonography of the pediatric scrotum: emphasis on the Ts--torsion, trauma, and tumors.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the different scrotal disease entities in the pediatric population, focusing on acute scrotum, traumatic injuries, and testicular tumors.

Conclusion: Many pediatric scrotal disorders can be well characterized on sonography. An understanding of the various disease entities, their clinical presentations, and the typical sonographic features should all be combined to make an accurate diagnosis.

Evaluation of the effects of oral water and low-density barium sulphate suspension on bowel appearance on FDG-PET/CT.

The purpose of this study is to assess which of five bowel preparation regimes offers superior bowel distension and to assess if these regimes adversely affect FDG activity on PET/CT imaging. The study conformed to HIPAA regulations. Ninety patients were divided into five groups of 18 who received no oral contrast agent (group A); 900 ml of water orally (group B); or 900, 1,350, or 1,800 ml of LDB (groups C, D, E, respectively).

Liver lesion detection and characterization in patients with colorectal cancer: a comparison of low radiation dose non-enhanced PET/CT, contrast-enhanced PET/CT, and liver MRI.

Objectives: To compare low-radiation dose non-enhanced fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) (NE-PET/CT), contrast-enhanced fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT (CE-PET/CT), and gadolinium-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection and characterization of liver lesions in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods: In this retrospective review of imaging database of CRC patients with suspected liver metastases, 33 patients (22 men, 11 women; mean age, 63 years) evaluated with low-radiation dose NE-PET/CT, CE-PET/CT, and liver MRI were studied. The final diagnosis was established either by pathological examination or follow-up imaging over a period of at least 6 months for lesion stability or growth.

Evaluation of renal transplant donors with 16-section multidetector CT angiography: comparison of contrast media with low and high iodine concentrations.

Purpose: To compare the degree of contrast enhancement, image quality, and accuracy of renal computed tomographic (CT) angiography performed with a 16-detector row CT unit and equal iodine doses of low- and high-iodine-concentration contrast medium in the evaluation of renal transplant donors.

Materials And Methods: Eighty donors scheduled to undergo renal CT angiography with 16-detector row CT were administered nonionic contrast media with two iodine concentrations. The first group (group A, n=40) received a contrast medium with 300 mg of iodine per milliliter, and the second group (group B, n=40) received a contrast medium with 370 mg of iodine per milliliter.