Pollution haven or pollution halo in the fishing footprint: Evidence from Indonesia.

This study tests the pollution halo/haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in Indonesia by considering the fishing footprint (FF) as the environmental degradation indicator over the period 1976-2018. The results provide evidence of the validity of the pollution halo hypothesis and the EKC. Besides, we found that trade openness in the fishery sector harms the FF.