Imaging of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

PRES and RCVS are increasingly recognized due to the wider use of brain MRI and increasing clinical awareness. Imaging plays a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis and guiding clinical management for PRES and RCVS. Imaging also has a pivotal role in determining the temporal progression of these entities, detecting complications, and predicting prognosis.

Imaging of Skull Base Tumors.

The skull base provides a platform for supporting the brain while serving as a conduit for major neurovascular structures. In addition to malignant lesions originating in the skull base, there are many benign entities and developmental variants that may simulate disease. Therefore, a basic understanding of the relevant embryology is essential.

Editorial Comment: Estimation of venous sinus pressure drop in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension using 4D-flow MRI.

• Work-energy equation using 4D-flow MRI is a promising technique for non-invasive estimation of trans-stenotic pressure drop in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.• Additional research with larger and multicentric prospective cohorts is needed to validate the results, along with improvement of the segmentation process with automated techniques and shortening of scanning times to allow for practical clinical use.

Demonstration of technical feasibility and viability of whole eye transplantation in a rodent model.

Introduction: Whole eye transplantation (WET) holds promise for vision restoration in devastating/disabling visual loss (congenital or traumatic) not amenable to surgical or neuroprosthetic treatment options. The eye includes multiple tissues with distinct embryonic lineage and differential antigenicity. Anatomically and immunologically, the eye is unique due to its avascular (cornea) and highly vascular (retina) components.

An Extremely Rare Intersection: Neurolymphomatosis in a Patient with Burkitt Lymphoma Detected by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography.

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rarely seen neurologic involvement of the systematic lymphoma. Its diagnosis is challenging, and requires biopsy. In cases where biopsy is not appropriate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) may aid in diagnosis.

The value of qualitative and quantitative assessment of lesion to cerebral cortex signal ratio on double inversion recovery sequence in the differentiation of demyelinating plaques from non-specific T2 hyperintensities.

Objectives: To assess the usefulness of the visual assessment and to determine diagnostic value of the lesion-to-cerebral cortex signal ratio (LCSR) measurement in the differentiation of demyelinating plaques and non-specific T2 hyperintensities on double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence.

Material And Methods: DIR and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences of 25 clinically diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 25 non-MS patients with non-specific T2-hyperintense lesions were evaluated visually and LCSRs were measured by two observers independently.

Results: On DIR sequence, the calculated mean LCSR ± SD for demyelinating plaques and non-specific T2-hyperintense lesions were 1.

Malformations of cortical development: 3T magnetic resonance imaging features.

Malformation of cortical development (MCD) is a term representing an inhomogeneous group of central nervous system abnormalities, referring particularly to embriyological aspect as a consequence of any of the three developmental stages, i.e., cell proliferation, cell migration and cortical organization.

Split-bolus MR urography: synchronous visualization of obstructing vessels and collecting system in children.

Several vascular abnormalities related with urinary system such as crossing accessory renal vessels, retroiliac ureters, retrocaval ureters, posterior nutcracker syndrome, and ovarian vein syndrome may be responsible for urinary collecting system obstruction. Split-bolus magnetic resonance urography (MRU) using contrast material as two separate bolus injections provides superior demonstration of the collecting system and obstructing vascular anomalies simultaneously and enables accurate preoperative radiologic diagnosis. In this pictorial review we aimed to outline the split-bolus MRU technique in children, list the coexisting congenital collecting system and vascular abnormalities, and exhibit the split-bolus MRU appearances of concurrent urinary collecting system and vascular abnormalities.

Brain herniations into the dural venous sinus or calvarium: MRI findings, possible causes and clinical significance.

Objectives: To determine frequency, imaging features and clinical significance of herniations of brain parenchyma into dural venous sinuses (DVS) and/or calvarium found on MRI.

Methods: A total of 6160 brain MRI examinations containing at least one high-resolution T1- or T2-weighted sequence were retrospectively evaluated to determine the presence of incidental brain herniations into the DVS or calvarium. MRI sequences available for review were evaluated according to their capability to demonstrate these herniations.

A case of tension pneumothorax during hyperbaric oxygen therapy in an earthquake survivor with crush injury complicated by ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome).

Pneumothorax (PTX) is rarely reported in patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. Patients with air-trapping lesions in the lungs and those with a history of spontaneous PTX, lung disease, mechanical ventilation or chest trauma are at an increased risk for PTX during HBO2 therapy. A 28-year-old male earthquake survivor was referred to our center for multiple wounds 21 days after being rescued from the debris.

MRI diagnosis of dural sinus - Cortical venous thrombosis: Immediate post-contrast 3D GRE T1-weighted imaging versus unenhanced MR venography and conventional MR sequences.

Objective: Primary aim is to compare the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced 3D GRE T1-weighted sequences with unenhanced MR venography and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in detection of dural venous sinus (DVS) and cortical venous thrombosis; secondary aim is to determine the relationship between DVS thrombosis/site and gender, age, infarction or hemorrhage.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed conventional MR images, unenhanced MR venography and immediate post-contrast 3D GRE T1-weighted MR images in 30 patients (17 male and 13 female, 21-70 years old, mean age 40.1) with clinically suspected DVS thrombosis.

Complete currarino syndrome recognized in adulthood.

Currarino syndrome is a hereditary pathology that is characterized by sacrococcygeal bone defect, presacral mass, and anorectal malformation. Sacrococcygeal bone defect is almost always a part of the syndrome. The complete form of this entity displays all three abnormalities and is very uncommon.

Hepatocellular carcinoma review: current treatment, and evidence-based medicine.

We read with great interest the recent article entitled "Hepatocellular carcinoma review: Current treatment, and evidence-based medicine" by Raza et al, published in World Journal of Gastroenterology. Authors evaluated treatments for early and advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma based on an extensive review of the relevant literature. They reported that radiofrequency ablation is the most effective local ablative therapy.

Brain herniations into the dural venous sinuses or calvarium: MRI of a recently recognized entity.

Brain herniations into dural venous sinuses (DVS) are rare findings recently described and their etiology and clinical significance are controversial. We describe five patients with brain herniations into the DVS or calvarium identified on MRI, and discuss their imaging findings, possible causes, and relationship to the patient's symptoms. All patients were examined with MRI including high resolution pre- and post-contrast T1- and T2-weighted sequences.