Prevalence and Associations of Nonglaucomatous Optic Nerve Atrophy in High Myopia: The Ural Eye and Medical Study.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of nonglaucomatous optic nerve atrophy (NGOA) in highly myopic individuals.

Design: Population-based study.

Participants: The Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (80.

Diabetic Neuropathy of the Retina and Inflammation: Perspectives.

A clear connection exists between diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that target both diseases are needed. Clinical trials are currently underway to explore the roles of obesity, adipose tissue, gut microbiota, and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetes.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in a Russian Population. The Ural Eye and Medical Study.

Aim: To assess prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a Russian population.

Methods: Out of 7328 eligible individuals, the population-based cross-sectional Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (80.5%) individuals aged 40+ years, who underwent a detailed medical and ophthalmological examination.

Prevalence of Myopic Maculopathy Among Adults in a Russian Population.

Importance: Although myopic maculopathy has become a major cause of vision impairment worldwide, few data from Russia and Central Asia on the prevalence of myopic maculopathy have been available.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of myopic maculopathy and its associations with ocular and systemic parameters in a population in Russia.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The Ural Eye and Medical Study, a population-based case-control study, was conducted in rural and urban areas in Bashkortostan, Russia, from October 26, 2015, to July 4, 2017.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pseudoexfoliation in a Russian Population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) and its associations in a Russian population.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Methods: Setting: Ufa capital of Bashkortostan, Russia and a rural region in Bashkortostan.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Russian Population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Russian population.

Design: Population-based prevalence assessment.

Methods: The Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in a rural and urban area in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan.

Pathogenesis and Management of Macular Hole: Review of Current Advances.

Macular hole has been believed to be a disorder of vitreomacular interface, which forms as a result of abnormal vitreous traction from incomplete vitreous detachment. However, our recent studies demonstrated that dynamic forces, caused by mobile posterior cortical vitreous with fluid currents, exist already at early stages of macular hole development. Therefore, in eyes with flexible vitreous, the contributions of tractional forces due to vitreous shrinkage are unlikely.

Axial length and its associations in a Russian population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study.

Purpose: To assess the normal distribution of axial length and its associations in a population of Russia.

Methods: The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) individuals out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years.

In vivo effects of single or combined topical neuroprotective and regenerative agents on degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rat optic nerve crush model.

To determine the effectiveness of a single or a combination of topical neurotrophic factors (NFs) in protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the rat optic nerve crush (ONC) model, the left ONC was performed to induce the death of the RGCs in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The NFs studied were tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), citicoline, neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), combined TUDCA/citicoline (Doublet-1), combined TUDCA/NT-4 (Doublet-2), combined TUDCA/citicoline/NT-4 (Triplet), and PBS. After 2 weeks, the number of RGCs was determined by Brn3a immunostaining.

Diabetic corneal neuropathy: clinical perspectives.

Diabetic keratopathy is characterized by impaired innervation of the cornea that leads to decreased sensitivity, with resultant difficulties with epithelial wound healing. These difficulties in wound healing put patients at risk for ocular complications such as surface irregularities, corneal infections, and stromal opacification. Pathological changes in corneal innervations in diabetic patients are an important early indicator of diabetic neuropathy.

Complete corneal ring (MyoRing) implantation versus MyoRing implantation combined with corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: 3-year follow-up.

Purpose: To estimate the effectiveness of complete corneal ring (MyoRing) implantation compared with MyoRing implantation combined with corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) for keratoconus treatment for 36 months follow-up.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Materials And Methods: MyoRing implantation was performed in a series of 78 patients (80 eyes) with keratoconus II-III Amsler classification, of these 39 eyes had MyoRing implantation combined with CXL.

Combination of Neuroprotective and Regenerative Agents for AGE-Induced Retinal Degeneration: In Vitro Study.

To determine the most effective combination of neuroprotective and regenerative agents for cultured retinal neurons from advanced glycation end products- (AGEs-) induced degeneration, retinal explants of 7 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were three-dimensionally cultured in collagen gel and incubated in serum-free media and in 7 media; namely, AGEs, AGEs + 100 M citicoline, AGEs + 10 ng/mL NT-4, AGEs + 100 M TUDCA, AGEs + 100 M citicoline + TUDCA (doublet), and AGEs + 100 M citicoline + TUDCA + 10 ng/mL NT-4 (triplet) were examined. The number of regenerating neurites was counted after 7 days of culture, followed by performing TUNEL and DAPI staining. The ratio of TUNEL-positive cells to the number of DAPI-stained nuclei was calculated.

[Dynamics of riboflavin level in aqueous humour of anterior chamber of experimental animals under standard stroma saturation by ultraviolet corneal cross-linking solutions].

Aim: To evaluate the dynamics of riboflavin changes in the aqueous humour of the anterior chamber (AHAC) of rabbits' eyes during standard ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking with account to the area of corneal debridement.

Material And Methods: Forty two rabbits were studied sequentially. The following solutions of riboflavin were used for cornea saturation: IR - 0.

Neuronal Changes in the Diabetic Cornea: Perspectives for Neuroprotection.

Diabetic neuropathy is associated with neurotrophic ulcerations of the skin and cornea. Decreased corneal sensitivity and impaired innervation lead to weakened epithelial wound healing predisposing patients to ocular complications such as corneal infections, stromal opacification, and surface irregularity. This review presents recent findings on impaired corneal innervation in diabetic individuals, and the findings suggest that corneal neuropathy might be an early indicator of diabetic neuropathy.

Standard corneal collagen crosslinking versus transepithelial iontophoresis-assisted corneal crosslinking, 24 months follow-up: randomized control trial.

Purpose: To compare the results of standard corneal crosslinking (CXL) and transepithelial iontophoresis-assisted CXL after 24 months follow-up.

Material And Methods: Corneal crosslinking (CXL) was performed in a series of 149 eyes of 119 patients with keratoconus I-II of Amsler classification. Depending on the CXL method, patients were divided into two groups: (1) 73 eyes with standard CXL and (2) 76 eyes with transepithelial iontophoresis-assisted CXL.

Mechanisms of Neuronal Cell Death in AGE-exposed Retinas - Research and Literature Review.

Introduction: Accelerated formation of AGE due to increasing rise in blood glucose levels leads to developments of metabolic changes, further leading to such complications as diabetic retinopathy which is a major reason of leading to blindness and affecting working population worldwide.

Background: The results of recent investigations have demonstrated that the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons is the common pathological changes in AGE-exposed retina and the possible mechanisms that are responsible for the onset and progression of RGC death and axonal degeneration in patients with diseases associated with AGEs accumulation are represented in this review. Identifying the mechanisms of the onset and the progression of RGC neuropathy can help in discovering the pathogenetic orientated treatment.

Altered Expression of NF- κ B and SP1 after Exposure to Advanced Glycation End-Products and Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in AGEs Exposed Rat Retinas.

To determine the effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on neurite regeneration, and also to determine the regenerative effects of different neurotrophic factors (NTFs) on rat retinal explants, the retinas of SD rats were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels and incubated in 6 types of media: (1) serum-free control culture media; (2) 100 μg/mL AGEs-BSA media; (3) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) media; (4) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL hepatocyte growth factor media; (5) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor media; or (6) AGEs-BSA + 100 µM tauroursodeoxycholic acid media. After 7 days, the number of regenerating neurites was counted. The explants were immunostained for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and specificity protein 1 (SP1).

Neurotrophic factors for retinal ganglion cell neuropathy - with a special reference to diabetic neuropathy in the retina.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with a devastating impact on population. Recent data revealed that early retinal neuropathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy involved a reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) neuropathy is a progressive optic nerve neuropathy with RGC death and axonal degeneration, and it leads to blindness in the elderly population worldwide.

One-year results of intravitreal ranibizumab combined with reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Purpose: To compare the 1-year results of intravitreal ranibizumab combined with reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy (RF-PDT) to intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) alone for eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods: We reviewed the medical records from 47 consecutive patients with PCV (47 naïve eyes). Seventeen eyes from 17 patients had one IVR treatment combined with RF-PDT followed by two additional IVR treatments (combined group), and 30 eyes from 30 patients were treated with 3 monthly IVR treatments (IVR group).

Level of vascular endothelial growth factor 165b in human aqueous humor.

Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor 165b (VEGF165b) is a splice variant of VEGF-A and is an anti-angiogenic form as opposed to a pro-angiogenic form of VEGF. We compared the level of VEGF165b in the aqueous humor of 77 eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and 38 eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Design: A prospective, interventional case series.

Increased expression of phosphorylated c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase associated with neuronal cell death in diabetic and high glucose exposed rat retinas.

The aim of this study is to examine whether the increased expression of phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) are significantly associated with neuronal cell death in diabetic rat retinas and retinas exposed to high glucose. Retinas isolated from six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and six streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (DM) were cultured in serum-free medium. The explants from non-diabetic controls were cultured in normal-glucose (N) or high-glucose (HG) medium.

Neurite regeneration in adult rat retinas exposed to advanced glycation end-products and regenerative effects of neurotrophin-4.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low concentrations of advanced glycation end-products on neurite regeneration in isolated rat retinas, and to determine the effects of neurotrophin-4 on regeneration in advanced glycation end-products exposed retinas. Retinal explants of 4 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured on collagen gel and were incubated in; (1) serum-free control culture media, (2) glucose-advanced glycation end-products-bovine serum albumin media, (3) glycolaldehyde-advanced glycation end-products-bovine serum albumin media, (4) glyceraldehyde-advanced glycation end-products-bovine serum albumin media, (5) glucose-advanced glycation end-products+neurotrophin-4 media, (6) glycolaldehyde-advanced glycation end-products+neurotrophin-4 media, or (7) glyceraldehyde-advanced glycation end-products+neurotrophin-4 supplemented culture media. After 7 days, the number of regenerating neurites from the explants was counted.

Transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking by iontophoresis of riboflavin.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of transepithelial cornea impregnation with riboflavin 0.1% by iontophoresis for collagen cross-linking.

Material And Methods: Transepithelial collagen cross-linking by iontophoresis of riboflavin was performed in a series of 22 eyes of 19 patients with progressive keratoconus I-II of Amsler classification.

Macular hole after laser in situ keratomileusis in a 26-year-old patient.

The purpose of this study is to describe the 26-year-old patient with developed macular hole after bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). A macular hole with sharp margins and irregular surface of surrounding retina appeared in the left eye of the female 26-year-old patient two months after LASIK for correction of myopia (followup of 6 months). Although the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after LASIK was 1.