COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis-A narrative review.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by immune dysregulation, affecting over 2.5 million people worldwide. Interestingly, COVID-19 infection can cause neurodegeneration through demyelination similar to that of MS, and COVID-19 infection can lead to long-term neurological sequelae, post-COVID-19 neurological syndrome.

[F]FDG PET/CT for identifying the causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO).

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) continues to be a challenging diagnosis in clinical medicine. It has more than 200 known causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, neoplasia, and other miscellaneous disorders. Despite the development of a wide range of diagnostic tools, a specific diagnostic algorithm for FUO is not yet available.

The Outcome of Electrical Cardioversion in Hyperthyroid Induced Atrial Fibrillation.

Hyperthyroidism is a prevalent cause of atrial fibrillation (AF). High cardiac output with low systemic vascular resistance, driven by hyperthyroidism, is associated with a rapid heartbeat, enhanced left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and a higher incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. After returning to euthyroid status, hyperthyroidism-induced AF generally spontaneously reverts to sinus rhythm (SR), and a significant number of patients remain in chronic AF and require electrical cardioversion (ECV).

Cardiotoxicity Associated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies: A Systematic Review.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been one of the most important breakthroughs for treating hematologic malignancies. On the other hand, the therapy had many toxicities. One of the toxicities of the CAR-T therapy is cardiotoxicity.

The Role of Gut-Microbiota in the Pathophysiology and Therapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent chronic gastrointestinal diseases, which is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely clear for IBS, multiple factors such as genetic, psychosocial, environmental, visceral hypersensitivity, low-grade inflammation, gastrointestinal motility changes, food components, and intestinal microbiota are thought to play a role in the disease process of IBS. The rapid progression of recent microbiome research using advanced microbiological technologies has shed light on dysbiosis related to the pathophysiology of IBS.

Increased Threat of Thyroid Diseases in Patients With Sjogren's Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder of the body's exocrine glands; however, it is known to have numerous extra-glandular and endocrine manifestations in the body. Moreover, other autoimmune have also been reported with high prevalence in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, including thyroid diseases. Therefore in this study, we aimed to ascertain the increased risk of developing thyroid disorders in patients with pre-existing Sjogren's syndrome.

The Efficacy of Bezlotoxumab in the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile: A Systematic Review.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common nosocomial infection in hospitals. Despite the fact that CDI has treatment options, recurrence is common after the treatment, recurrence will occur in approximately 20%-35% of people initially affected, with 40%-60% of these having a second recurrence. Patients are more likely to have several recurrences after the second, which can lead to antibiotic overuse, and as a result, CDI-related health care expenses, hospitalizations, and mortality are on the rise.

Ni-Catalyzed Arylbenzylation of Alkenylarenes: Kinetic Studies Reveal Autocatalysis by ZnX *.

We report a Ni-catalyzed regioselective arylbenzylation of alkenylarenes with benzyl halides and arylzinc reagents. The reaction furnishes differently substituted 1,1,3-triarylpropyl structures that are reminiscent of the cores of oligoresveratrol natural products. The reaction is also compatible for the coupling of internal alkenes, secondary benzyl halides and variously substituted arylzinc reagents.

Prevalence and Related Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitosis among Private School-Going Pupils of Dharan Submetropolitan City, Nepal.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are most common and prevalent among children and accounts for great morbidity and mortality.

Objective: This research is aimed at studying the prevalence and related risk factors of parasitic infections among private school-going pupils of Dharan Submetropolitan City.

Methods And Materials: This was a cross-sectional laboratory-based study conducted from 13 November 2018 to 26 February 2019 among 400 private school pupils.

A Unified Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,2-Amino Alcohols Leading to Highly Substituted Bisoxazoline Ligands.

A general procedure for the asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted 1,2-amino alcohols in high yield and diastereoselectivity is described that uses organometallic additions of a wide range of nucleophiles to butylsulfinimines as the key step. The addition of organolithium reagents to these imines follows a modified Davis model. The diastereoselectivity for this reaction depends significantly on both the nucleophile and electrophile.

KCO-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Dialkyl-4,6,7-tricyano-Decorated Indoles via Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage.

We describe a novel method to synthesize 2,5-dialkyl-4,6,7-tricyanoindole derivatives from a base-catalyzed reaction of 1,3-diketones with fumaronitrile. The reaction proceeds by the condensation of two molecules of fumaronitrile and one molecule of 1,3-diketone in a remarkable process that involves the cleavage of one C(sp)-C(sp) bond in 1,3-diketones and the formation of one carbon-nitrogen bond and four carbon-carbon bonds to construct both the aryl and pyrrole rings of the indole in one step.

An Expedient Route to 9-arylmethylanthracene Derivatives via Tandem Ni-catalyzed Alkene Dicarbofunctionalization and Acid-promoted Cyclization-aromatization.

We report a nickel-catalyzed one pot synthesis of 9-arylmethylanthracene motifs, which find applications in medicinal and material chemistry. In this synthesis, we apply three component alkene dicarbofunctionalization of 2-vinylaldimines with aryl iodides and arylzinc reagent to generate a 1,1,2-diarylethyl scaffold, which then undergoes an acidpromoted cyclization followed by aromatization to furnish 9-arylmethylanthracene cores. With the new method, a number of differently-substituted 9-arylmethylanthracene derivatives can be synthesized in good yields.

Synergistic Bimetallic Ni/Ag and Ni/Cu Catalysis for Regioselective γ,δ-Diarylation of Alkenyl Ketimines: Addressing β-H Elimination by in Situ Generation of Cationic Ni(II) Catalysts.

We disclose unprecedented synergistic bimetallic Ni/Ag and Ni/Cu catalysts for regioselective γ,δ-diarylation of unactivated alkenes in simple ketimines with aryl halides and arylzinc reagents. The bimetallic synergy, which generates cationic Ni(II) species during reaction, promotes migratory insertion and transmetalation steps and suppresses β-H elimination and cross-coupling, the major side reactions that cause serious problems during alkene difunctionalization. This diarylation reaction proceeds at remote locations to imines to afford, after simple H workup, diversely substituted γ,δ-diaryl ketones that are otherwise difficult to access readily with existing methods.

Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective Alkylarylation of Vinylarenes via C(sp)-C(sp)/C(sp)-C(sp) Bond Formation and Mechanistic Studies.

We report a Ni-catalyzed regioselective alkylarylation of vinylarenes with alkyl halides and arylzinc reagents to generate 1,1-diarylalkanes. The reaction proceeds well with primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, and electronically diverse arylzinc reagents. Mechanistic investigations by radical probes, competition studies and quantitative kinetics reveal that the current reaction proceeds via a Ni(0)/Ni(I)/Ni(II) catalytic cycle by a rate-limiting direct halogen atom abstraction via single electron transfer to alkyl halides by a Ni(0)-catalyst.

Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective β,δ-Diarylation of Unactivated Olefins in Ketimines via Ligand-Enabled Contraction of Transient Nickellacycles: Rapid Access to Remotely Diarylated Ketones.

We disclose a [(PhO)P]/NiBr-catalyzed regioselective β,δ-diarylation of unactivated olefins in ketimines with aryl halides and arylzinc reagents. This diarylation proceeds at remote locations to the carbonyl group to afford, after simple H workup, diversely substituted β,δ-diarylketones that are otherwise difficult to access readily with existing methods. Deuterium-labeling and crossover experiments indicate that diarylation proceeds by ligand-enabled contraction of transient nickellacycles.

Ni-catalysed regioselective 1,2-diarylation of unactivated olefins by stabilizing Heck intermediates as pyridylsilyl-coordinated transient metallacycles.

We report a Ni-catalysed diarylation of unactivated olefins in dimethylpyridylvinylsilane by intercepting Heck C(sp)-NiX intermediates, derived from aryl halides, with arylzinc reagents. This approach utilizes a modifiable pyridylsilyl moiety as a coordinating group that plays a dual role of intercepting oxidative addition species to promote Heck carbometallation, and stabilizing the Heck C(sp)-NiX intermediates as transient metallacycles to suppress β-hydride elimination, and facilitate transmetalation/reductive elimination. This method affords 1,2-diarylethylsilanes, which can be readily oxidized to 1,2-diarylethanols that occur as structural motifs in 3-aryl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and dihydrostilbenoid natural products.

Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by Tandem Cyclization/Cross-Coupling and Application to the Concise Synthesis of Lignan Natural Products.

We disclose a (terpy)NiBr-catalyzed reaction protocol that regioselectively difunctionalizes unactivated olefins with tethered alkyl halides and arylzinc reagents. The reaction shows an excellent functional group tolerance (such as ketones, esters, nitriles, and halides) and a moderate to good level of diastereoselectivity. The current cyclization/cross-coupling also tolerates molecules containing base-sensitive racemizable stereocenters, which are preserved without racemization during the reaction.

THE ROLE OF THE ASYMMETRIC BOLAAMPHIPHILIC CHARACTER OF VECAR ON THE KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF ITS SELF-ASSEMBLY: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION STUDY.

VECAR are novel bolaamphiphilic molecules consisting of two hydrophilic molecular groups, a carnosine derivative and a chromanol group, covalently linked by a hydrophobic alkyl spacer of varying length. Despite the potential for application in various biomedical applications VECAR properties, including their bulk properties, are still largely unknown. The early stage of the self-assembly process of VECAR molecules in water is studied using molecular dynamics simulations.

Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins by Intercepting Heck Intermediates as Imine-Stabilized Transient Metallacycles.

We disclose a strategy for Ni-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of olefins in styrenes by intercepting Heck C(sp)-NiX intermediates with arylzinc reagents. This approach utilizes a readily removable imine as a coordinating group that plays a dual role of intercepting oxidative addition species derived from aryl halides and triflates to promote Heck carbometalation and stabilizing the Heck C(sp)-NiX intermediates as transient metallacycles to suppress β-hydride elimination and facilitate transmetalation/reductive elimination steps. This method affords diversely substituted 1,1,2-triarylethyl products that occur as structural motifs in various natural products.

Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by a Heck Reaction/Enolate Cyclization Cascade.

We disclose a Pd-catalyzed reaction protocol that regioselectively difunctionalizes unactivated olefins with aryl iodides and tethered enolates. The current method allows the rapid synthesis of a variety of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidinones from simple and readily available amides. We further demonstrate this new method's application by postsynthetically modifying the arylacetic acid side chains of two commercial nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and tolmetin, to highly decorated 4-benzylpyrrolidinone frameworks.

General Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Alkyl-, Aryl-, and Alkynylaluminum Reagents with Organohalides.

We report the first example of a very general Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of organoaluminum reagents with organohalides. The reactions proceed for the couplings of alkyl-, aryl-, and alkynylaluminum reagents with aryl and heteroaryl halides and vinyl bromides, affording the cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields. Both primary and secondary alkylaluminum reagents can be utilized as organometallic coupling partners.

Copper-catalyzed arylation of alkyl halides with arylaluminum reagents.

We report a Cu-catalyzed coupling between triarylaluminum reagents and alkyl halides to form arylalkanes. The reaction proceeds in the presence of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-o-phenylenediamine (NN-1) as a ligand in combination with CuI as a catalyst. This catalyst system enables the coupling of primary alkyl iodides and bromides with electron-neutral and electron-rich triarylaluminum reagents and affords the cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields.

Copper-catalysed cross-coupling: an untapped potential.

Copper is emerging as a viable catalytic metal for cross-coupling reactions to construct carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds. Recent revelations that Cu-catalysts can execute with high efficacy the cross-couplings of a variety of organometallic reagents, including organomagnesium, organoboron, organosilicon, organoindium and organomanganese, with alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl halides clearly demonstrate the versatility of Cu-based catalytic systems in conducting these reactions. In addition, Cu-catalysts are exhibiting a unique reactivity pattern that allows ligandless cross-coupling for aryl-heteroaryl and heteroaryl-heteroaryl bond formation, a transformation that generally requires special custom-designed ligands with Pd-catalysts.

Studies on dhal recovery from pre-treated pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan L .) cultivars.

Dhal recovery from three popular varieties of North Karnataka was studied using CFTRI mini dhal mill with five different treatments at three different levels. It was observed that Gulyal variety treated with mustard oil recorded maximum hulling efficiency (79.4%) and finished product (68.

Development of meat-bone separator for small scale fish processing.

The belt and drum type meat-bone separator was developed for small-scale fish processing and evaluated using Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) in terms of capacity, yield, percentage yield, bone content, colour and power consumption. It consists of a perforated drum (3 mm), single phase electric motor, speed reduction gear box and drive system. The machine was evaluated using two food grade belt viz.