Oncocytic adrenal cortical adenoma: a benign lesion mimicking malignancy.

Adrenocortical tumours are rare in children and account for only 0.3%-0.4% of all neoplasms in childhood.

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directing Group Assisted (Hetero)aryl C-H Functionalization: Construction of C-C/C-Heteroatom Bonds.

Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization is one of the fascinating scientific fronts in organic synthesis for the formation of conjugated arenes and has emerged as a benchmark to revolutionize the synthetic enterprise since past decades. In this realm, chelation-guided functionalization of C-H bonds using an exogenous directing group has received considerable attention recently for the expedient regioselective construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds as an efficient and sustainable alternative. This article outlines our contribution towards a wide variety of transformations that have been achieved by the directed C-H functionalization through the fine tuning of catalytic systems.

The transition-metal-catalyzed stereoselective ring-expansion of vinylaziridines and vinyloxiranes.

The transition-metal-aided stereoselective construction of sp3-carbon-rich heterocyclic scaffolds using strained-ring systems has received considerable attention in recent years due to the prominent presence of these scaffolds in myriad natural products, bioactive molecules, and pharmaceutical components. In this area, the catalytic ring-enlargement of vinylaziridines and vinyloxiranes plays a predominant role when synthesizing high sp3-content biorelevant heterocyclic compounds. This article aims to portray recent advancements in the ring-expansion of vinylaziridines and vinyloxiranes for accessing densely functionalized stereoselective heterocycles that have been developed over the past five years, with an emphasis on the substrate scopes and mechanistic insights into the key methodologies, and it is arranged based on the transition metals used and the ring sizes of the heterocyclic scaffolds.

Recent Advances in Stereoselective Ring Expansion of Spirocyclopropanes: Access to the Spirocyclic Compounds.

Spirocyclopropane represents a privileged structural scaffold for accessing synthetic libraries of densely functionalized spirocarbo- and heterocyclic compounds. Due to the ubiquity of spirocyclic motifs as a potent pharmacophore in natural products and pharmaceuticals, recent years have witnessed significant advances in developing synthetic strategies that exploits carbon-carbon bond scission in spirocyclopropanes. This paper summarizes the recent developments in stereoselective ring expansion of spirocyclopropanes in diversity-oriented synthesis and highlights the synthetic as well as mechanistic rationale of those methodologies.

Stereospecific Ring Opening and Cycloisomerization of Aziridines with Propargylamines: Synthesis of Functionalized Piperazines and Tetrahydropyrazines.

Stereospecific Cu-catalyzed nucleophilic ring opening of N-sulfonylaziridines with propargylamines and subsequent hydroamination afford piperazines, which leads to double-bond isomerization to furnish tetrahydropyrazines. Optically active aziridines can be cross-coupled with high enantiomeric purities (>98% ee).

Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and their correlation to cluster of differentiation lymphocyte count in population of North-East India in highly active antiretroviral therapy era.

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which manifests as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease involving the defects of the T-lymphocyte arm of the immune system. Certain laboratory parameters such as the cluster of differentiation (CD4) count and clinical parameters have long been used as markers of disease progression. In industrialized countries, many studies show a highly correlation between the incidence of oral lesions and immunosuppression and hence, can be used as a marker of immunosuppression.

Spindle cell carcinoma of maxilla: Histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of a case.

The intriguing array of spindle cell lesions occurring, especially in the head and neck region, poses a critical diagnostic challenge not only to the histopathologist but also ultimately to the clinicians for planning an appropriate treatment protocol. Overlapping spectrum of clinico-radiographic and microscopic features further compounds this problem. In such situations, the aid of ancillary techniques like immunohistochemistry (IHC) is sought to clinch the diagnosis.

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.

Floridcemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a"fibro-osseouslesion" that characteristically affects the jaw bones of the middle-aged with multi-quadrant radiopaque cementum-like masses. In thepast, the condition was known with a variety of names causing confusion in diagnosis and treatment. The condition is usually asymptomatic and needs no treatment as such.