Evaluating active leprosy case identification methods in six districts of Nepal.

Background: Nepal has achieved and sustained the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem since 2009, but 17 districts and 3 provinces with 41% (10,907,128) of Nepal's population have yet to eliminate the disease. Pediatric cases and grade-2 disabilities (G2D) indicate recent transmission and late diagnosis, respectively, which necessitate active and early case detection. This operational research was performed to identify approaches best suited for early case detection, determine community-based leprosy epidemiology, and identify hidden leprosy cases early and respond with prompt treatment.

The Ecto-5'nucleotidase/CD73 Mediates Survival in Macrophages.

Endogenous nucleotides produced by various group of cells under inflammatory conditions act as potential danger signals . Extracellularly released nucleotides such as ATP are rapidly hydrolyzed to adenosine by the coordinated ectonucleotidase activities of CD39 and CD73. is an obligate intracellular parasite of macrophages and capable of modulating host immune response in order to survive and multiply within host cells.

G6PD deficiency in malaria endemic areas of Nepal.

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is currently a threat to malaria elimination due to risk of primaquine-induced haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends G6PD screening before providing primaquine as a radical treatment against vivax malaria. However, evidence regarding the prevalence and causing mutations of G6PD deficiency in Nepal is scarce.

Expression and production of cardiac angiogenic mediators depend on the Trypanosoma cruzi-genetic population in experimental C57BL/6 mice infection.

Mammalian cardiac cells are important targets to the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The inflammatory reaction in the host aims at eliminating this parasite, can lead to cell destruction, fibrosis and hypoxia. Local hypoxia is well-defined stimulus to the production of angiogenesis mediators.