Had prevalence of cleft lip and palate differed during the Iran-Iraq war?

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common congenital defects with multifactorial etiology, and maternal stress may have a role in the development of the malformation; thus, the aim of this study was to explore the role of war on cleft lip and palate (CL/P) prevalence.In this study, records of 101,435 newborn infants delivered in the teaching hospitals of Mashhad and Ahwaz during wartime (1982-1987) and recent years (2005-2010) were reviewed. Samples were analyzed for prevalence of anomaly in both cities at 2 time intervals as well as some related factors; χ and t tests were used for data analysis.

Effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain related responses in school age children.

Introduction: Painful medical procedures are the major sources of distress among children; and for those with chronic diseases, the procedure-related pain can be worse than that of the illness itself.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain-related responses in school-age children.

Design: Quasi-experimental study.