A paradigm-based explanation of trust.

This article offers a functionalist account of trust. It argues that a particular form of trust-Communicated Interpersonal Trust-is paradigmatic and lays out how trust as a social practice in this form helps to satisfy fundamental practical, deliberative, and relational human needs in mutually reinforcing ways. We then argue that derivative (non-paradigmatic) forms of trust connect to the paradigm by generating a positive dynamic between trustor and trustee that is geared towards the realization of these functions.

A review of likelihood ratios in forensic science based on a critique of Stiffelman "No longer the Gold standard: Probabilistic genotyping is changing the nature of DNA evidence in criminal trials".

Stiffelman [1] gives a broad critique of the application of likelihood ratios (LRs) in forensic science, in particular their use in probabilistic genotyping (PG) software. These are discussed in this review. LRs do not infringe on the ultimate issue.

STRmix™ collaborative exercise on DNA mixture interpretation.

An intra and inter-laboratory study using the probabilistic genotyping (PG) software STRmix™ is reported. Two complex mixtures from the PROVEDIt set, analysed on an Applied Biosystems™ 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer, were selected. 174 participants responded.

The Probabilistic Genotyping Software STRmix: Utility and Evidence for its Validity.

Forensic DNA interpretation is transitioning from manual interpretation based usually on binary decision-making toward computer-based systems that model the probability of the profile given different explanations for it, termed probabilistic genotyping (PG). Decision-making by laboratories to implement probability-based interpretation should be based on scientific principles for validity and information that supports its utility, such as criteria to support admissibility. The principles behind STRmix™ are outlined in this study and include standard mathematics and modeling of peak heights and variability in those heights.

Microscopy and Image Analysis.

This unit provides an overview of light microscopy, including objectives, light sources, filters, film, and color photography for fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We believe there are excellent opportunities for cytogeneticists, pathologists, and other biomedical readers, to take advantage of specimen optical clearing techniques and expansion microscopy-we briefly point to these new opportunities. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A new diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome in a 49-year-old man with severe bullous emphysema.

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a chromosomal microdeletion syndrome typically presenting with intellectual disability, a unique personality, a characteristic facial appearance, and cardiovascular disease. Several clinical features of WBS are thought to be due to haploinsufficiency of elastin (ELN), as the ELN locus is included within the WBS critical region at 7q11.23.

Commentary on the decision of the American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics to create a 24-month specialty of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics.

Genet Med 19 3, 294-296.

Evaluation of forensic DNA mixture evidence: protocol for evaluation, interpretation, and statistical calculations using the combined probability of inclusion.

Background: The evaluation and interpretation of forensic DNA mixture evidence faces greater interpretational challenges due to increasingly complex mixture evidence. Such challenges include: casework involving low quantity or degraded evidence leading to allele and locus dropout; allele sharing of contributors leading to allele stacking; and differentiation of PCR stutter artifacts from true alleles. There is variation in statistical approaches used to evaluate the strength of the evidence when inclusion of a specific known individual(s) is determined, and the approaches used must be supportable.

Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results.

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Center for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current "macros" or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a useful reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG-banding, FISH, or chromosomal microarray).

Chemical and enzymatic characterization of recombinant rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase.

The stepwise synthesis of thymidine triphosphate (TTP) requires a kinase for phosphorylation in the last step. Because pyruvate kinase (PK) using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as substrate can regenerate adenosine triphosphate and phosphorylate thymidine diphosphate as well, we chose this enzyme for the synthesis of TTP via an enzymatic cascade reaction. The metalloenzyme PK shows pronounced promiscuity and therefore fits well to the conditions of this reaction.

Reporting of diagnostic cytogenetic results.

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current "macros" or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG-banding or FISH).

Reporting of diagnostic cytogenetic results.

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current "macros" or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG-banding or FISH).

Reporting of diagnostic cytogenetic results.

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, provides a comprehensive list of the facilities' current "macros" or standardized statements, used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG-banding or FISH).

Manual methods for PCR-based forensic DNA analysis.

This unit provides validated PCR-based methods to test for sequence polymorphisms and length polymorphisms. It includes a description of the reverse dot blot method for detecting sequence polymorphisms. The forensic PCR systems used to detect length polymorphisms are based on detection of different-sized PCR products following electrophoresis in either native or denaturing polyacrylamide gels.

RFLP analysis of forensic DNA samples with single-locus VNTR genetic markers.

This unit covers the many and varied methods for extracting DNA from such diverse specimens as blood, tissue, stamps and envelopes, and cigarette butts, among others. Modifications to the methods that allow the DNA to be used for either PCR or Southern blotbased analyses are also included.

Isolation of DNA from forensic evidence.

This unit covers the many and varied methods for extracting DNA from such diverse specimens as blood, tissue, stamps and envelopes, and cigarette butts, among others. Modifications to the methods that allow the DNA to be used for either PCR or Southern blotbased analyses are also included.

Collecting and handling samples for parentage and forensics DNA-based genetic testing.

The unit covers Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) based paternity analysis as well as the newer methods relying on PCR to analyze sequence specific polymorphisms and microsatellite regions. The discussion of data analysis and probability calculations has been expanded to address a number of special circumstances, such as the lack of sample from an alleged father, motherless cases, and more.

Overview of human identity testing and forensic genetics.

This unit discusses the development of the field of forensic genetics, touching on the quality control and legal issues that are central to this area. It closes with a discussion of some caveats for interpreting forensic DNA results.

Epidemiology. DNA identifications after the 9/11 World Trade Center attack.

The attack on the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001 challenged current approaches to forensic DNA typing methods. The large number of victims and the extreme thermal and physical conditions of the site necessitated special approaches to the DNA-based identification. Because of these and many additional challenges, new procedures were created or modified from routine forensic protocols.

Forensic applications of laser capture microdissection: use in DNA-based parentage testing and platform validation.

Aim: To report on the successful use of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) as a tool for isolation of human chorionic villi from admixed maternal tissue. Subsequent DNA isolation for forensic short tandem repeat (STR) analysis for parentage testing was performed in two cases of alleged sexual assault of female victims. We also performed validation of the LCM instrument platform, using archival formalin-fixed human fetal products of conception (POC), for which microdissection was utilized to separate maternal (decidua) and fetal (chorionic villus) components.

Forensic aspects of mass disasters: strategic considerations for DNA-based human identification.

Many mass disasters result in loss of lives. Law enforcement and/or public safety and health officials often have the responsibility for identifying the human remains found at the scene, so they can be returned to their families. The recovered human remains range from being relatively intact to highly degraded.

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale: evaluation of psychometric properties and patterns of cognitive decline in multicenter clinical trials of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties and patterns of decline on the total score and item scores of the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog) in patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD).

Methods: We analyzed data from 536 AD outpatients randomized to the placebo group in two identical 26-week multicenter drug trials.

Results: Mean deterioration at week 26 on the ADAS-Cog total score for subjects with moderate dementia was 84% greater than that for those with milder severity ( p < 0.