Thyroid dysfunction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Objectives: The objective of this research was to elucidate some of the major relation of thyroid dysfunctions, keeping in view the various selected demographic details of included patients.

Methods: This study was approved by the ethical committee of Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, and was conducted in the Institute of Radioactive Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) Peshawar. The blood samples were collected, followed by their analysis for triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Weak two-photon absorption applied to the rapid prototyping of cell scaffolds.

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has been employed to generate deep structures using the biocompatible and optically transparent monomer ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EO=6) (EBPADMA) and 4, 4'-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenon as the photoinitiator. The two-photon absorption cross section of the initiator was measured to be 1 GM (1  GM=1×10(-50)  cm(4) s photon(-1)) in EBPADMA. Here we have explored a weak absorption regime whereby deep structures (∼300  μm) can be generated in a single pass.

Femtosecond pulsed laser ablation of polyimide at oblique angles for medical applications.

We report the ablation results for surface modification of polyimide Kapton HN foils using ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses. The modification threshold fluences for 75 μm thick films of polyimide were determined at different incident angles (0°, 20°, 30°, 45°, and 50°) for vertical and horizontal diameters. Ablation at oblique angles was investigated as such interactions are found during laser procedures with the eye that require scanning of the beam and are very important to know for the treatment of various eye diseases.

Study of the two-photon excitation of photoinitiator in various solvents, and the two-photon polymerization process.

In this study, the two-photon absorption excited fluorescence of the photosensitizer 4,4-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenonin in different solvents is investigated by using mode-locked Ti:sapphire excitation having a wavelength of 800 nm with pulse duration of 150 fs at the rate of 1 kHz. The fluorescence signals excited by wavelengths of 800 and 400 nm have been compared. Contribution of these cross-section measurements for the two-photon polymerization processes is also reported.

Determination of two-photon absorption cross sections of photosensitizers and its implications for two-photon polymerization.

We report two-photon absorption cross sections and two-photon excited fluorescence of the photosensitizer 4,4'-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenon and thioxanthone using a femtosecond laser delivering pulses of wavelength 800 nm and 150 fs duration at rates of 1 kHz. Values for the two-photon absorption cross section are derived by comparing the fluorescence signals excited by wavelengths of 800 and 400 nm using a second-harmonic generator. Fluorophore fluorescence intensities dependence with quadratic illumination laser power showed no significant deviation from the two-photon absorption process.