Nasal application of native cholera toxin (nCT) as a mucosal adjuvant has potential toxicity for the CNS through binding to GM1 gangliosides in the olfactory nerves. Although mutants of cholera toxin (mCTs) have been developed that show mucosal adjuvant activity without toxicity, it still remains unclear whether these mCTs will induce CNS damage. To help overcome these concerns, in this study we created new double mutant CTs (dmCTs) that have two amino acid substitutions in the ADP-ribosyltransferase active center (E112K) and COOH-terminal KDEL (E112K/KDEV or E112K/KDGL).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
April 2004
Background: Carcinomas of the oral cavity present a high risk for neck metastases that decrease the disease control and survival.
Methods: A total of 106 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity who had metastatic neck nodes were studied. The impact of neck metastasis and treatment modalities on outcome was assessed.