Improving Outcomes After Post-Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

This scientific statement presents a conceptual framework for the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury, explores reasons for previous failure to translate preclinical data to clinical practice, and outlines potential paths forward. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is characterized by 4 distinct but overlapping phases: ischemic depolarization, reperfusion repolarization, dysregulation, and recovery and repair. Previous research has been challenging because of the limitations of laboratory models; heterogeneity in the patient populations enrolled; overoptimistic estimation of treatment effects leading to suboptimal sample sizes; timing and route of intervention delivery; limited or absent evidence that the intervention has engaged the mechanistic target; and heterogeneity in postresuscitation care, prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments.

Improving Outcomes After Post-Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

This scientific statement presents a conceptual framework for the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury, explores reasons for previous failure to translate preclinical data to clinical practice, and outlines potential paths forward. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is characterized by 4 distinct but overlapping phases: ischemic depolarization, reperfusion repolarization, dysregulation, and recovery and repair. Previous research has been challenging because of the limitations of laboratory models; heterogeneity in the patient populations enrolled; overoptimistic estimation of treatment effects leading to suboptimal sample sizes; timing and route of intervention delivery; limited or absent evidence that the intervention has engaged the mechanistic target; and heterogeneity in postresuscitation care, prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments.

A Study of Clinical Profile, Radiological and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease From a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common form of human prion disease, is the archetypal diagnosis in this category. However, the spectrum of possible diagnoses is wide, encompassing various treatable conditions. A lack of standardized diagnostic criteria and a tendency to opt for brain biopsies and clinical autopsies can be limiting factors in reaching a conclusive diagnosis.

Efficacy of low-dose lung radiotherapy in the management of COVID-19 patients: a randomised, open-label study.

Objective: Evaluate role of low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) in COVID-19 pneumonia.

Methods: Sixty-five patients 40 years or older tested positive for COVID-19 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with mild to moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), were randomised 1:1, from 4 June 2021, to either best standard of care (control arm) according to the Indian Council of Medical Research guidelines or a single dose of LDRT (LDRT-0.5Gy) to both lungs along with best standard of care (experimental arm).

A study of the prognostic significance of platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrit in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Objectives: Platelets play a key role in thrombus formation and propagation and are thus implicated in the pathogenesis and morbidity of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). A whole blood count can be used to objectively measure platelet function through platelet indices, namely, platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit. This study examined how platelet indices (PDW,MPV, and plateletcrit) affect the CVST severity and functional outcome.

Imaging of Dentate Nucleus Pathologies: A Case Series.

The dentate nucleus is the largest cerebellar nucleus, and it controls cognition and voluntary movement. It is found in each cerebellar hemisphere medially and posterolateral to the lateral ventricle. Pathologies of the dentate nucleus can be detected using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.

Impact of Severity of Illness on the Function of the Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal Axis in Postmenopausal Women with Acute Severe Illness: Implications for Predicting Disease Outcome.

Background: While elevated levels of estradiol were predictive of mortality in critically ill surgical and trauma patients, their ability to predict outcome in nonsurgical patients has not been studied. We aimed to study the determinants of gonadotropin levels in acutely ill postmenopausal women with nonsurgical disease and the impact of changes in the gonadal axis on the outcome of these patients.

Methods: Thirty-five postmenopausal women admitted to medical intensive care with acute severe illness and having a Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II score) ≥30 (in-hospital mortality rate ≥ 10%) were recruited.

Gel based in vitro 3D model exploring the osteocytic potentiality of human CD34 stem cells.

Osteocytic potentiality of human CD34 stem cells explored in the present study by generating in vitro agarose gel 3D model to understand the bone ossification process. The G-CSF and IL-3 mobilized human CD34 stem cells isolated apheretically from donor peripheral blood and purity of the cells was assessed by FACS and immunocytochemical (ICC) studies. The CD34 stem cells were cultured in gel based 3D model with osteogenic stimulating medium for 21 days.

E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening to identify GSK-3β inhibitors.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase which has attracted significant attention during recent years in drug design studies. The deregulation of GSK-3β increased the loss of hippocampal neurons by triggering apoptosis-mediating production of neurofibrillary tangles and alleviates memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given its role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leading to AD, it has been a major therapeutic target for intervention in AD, hence was targeted in the present study.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease presenting as brainstem encephalitis with secondary blepharospasm.

Central nervous system involvement in Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a very rare clinical manifestation. We report a 15-year-old girl who presented to us with fever, drowsiness, neck swellings, and involuntary closure of both eyelids of 2 days duration. Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in dorsal midbrain and pons.

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and short term prognosis in acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Sparse published data are available regarding the prognostic importance of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Materials And Methods: We prospectively studied 74 consecutive patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke within 24 hours of onset. All of them underwent laboratory and imaging evaluation and were treated as per guidelines.

In vitro generation of type-II pneumocytes can be initiated in human CD34(+) stem cells.

Objectives: Human CD34(+) stem cells differentiated into type-II pneumocytes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) having hydrocortisone, insulin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), expressing surfactant proteins-B (SP-B) and C (SP-C), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lysozyme.

Results: FACS-enumerated pure CD34(+) cells, isolated from human peripheral blood, were cultured in DMEM and showed positive reaction with anti-human CD34 monoclonal antibodies in immunocytochemistry. These cells were cultured in DMEM having hydrocortisone, insulin, FGF, EGF and BSA (HIFEB-D) medium having an air-liquid interface.

Anaerobic Glycolysis and HIF1α Expression in Haematopoietic Stem Cells Explains Its Quiescence Nature.

Metabolic alteration that a stem cell undergoes during proliferation and quiescence are decisive. These cells survive in extreme hypoxic environment that prevails in bone marrow. The present study is aimed to understand this nature in hematopoietic stem cells.

In vitro transdifferentiation of human cultured CD34+ stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursors using thyroid hormones.

The extent of myelination on the axon promotes transmission of impulses in the neural network, any disturbances in this process results in the neurodegenerative condition. Transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursors that supports in the regeneration of axons through myelination is an important step in the restoration of damaged neurons. Therefore, in the present study, the differentiation of human CD34+ stem cells into oligodendrocytes was carried out.

Lead encephalopathy in adults.

Lead poisoning is a common occupational health hazard in developing countries. We report the varied clinical presentation, diagnostic and management issues in two adult patients with lead encephalopathy. Both patients worked in a battery manufacturing unit.

Opercular myoclonic-anarthric status epilepticus: A report of two cases.

Opercular myoclonic-anarthric status epilepticus (OMASE) is an uncommon disorder of diverse etiology. This condition is characterized by fluctuating cortical dysarthria associated with epileptic myoclonus involving glossopharyngeal musculature bilaterally. We report two cases of OMASE of vascular etiology in adults.

In vitro differentiation of cultured human CD34+ cells into astrocytes.

Background: Astrocytes are abundantly present as glial cells in the brain and play an important role in the regenerative processes. The possible role of stem cell derived astrocytes in the spinal cord injuries is possible related to their influence at the synaptic junctions.

Aim: The present study is focused on in vitro differentiation of cultured human CD34+ cells into astrocytes.

Computational approaches to identify common subunit vaccine candidates against bacterial meningitis.

Bacterial meningitis, an infection of the membranes (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord, is a major cause of death and disability all over the world. From perinatal period to adult, four common organisms responsible for most of the bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza and Staphylococcus aureus. As the disease is caused by more organisms, currently available vaccines for bacterial meningitis are specific and restricted to some of the serogroups or serotypes of each bacterium.

Serum trace element levels and the complexity of inter-element relations in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Trace elements have been postulated to play a role in Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to elucidate whether changes in the serum levels of trace elements reflect the progression of PD, we assessed serum levels of 12 elements (Na, K, Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Si, P and S) in early PD, severe PD and normal subjects, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The concentrations in micromol/ml, the relative mole percentage distribution and inter-element relations were computed.