Fuzzy Approach Analyzing SEIR-SEI Dengue Dynamics.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease threatening more than a hundred tropical countries of the world. The heterogeneity of mosquito bites of human during the spread of dengue virus is an important factor that should be considered while modeling the dynamics of the disease. However, traditional models assumed homogeneous transmission between host and vectors which is inconsistent with reality.

Implementation status of self-assessment/peer-group discussion program: a bottom-up approach of monitoring/supervision in improving quality of health services.

Background: Monitoring/supervision is an essential component for improving the quality of health services including rational use of medicines. A new bottom-up approach of monitoring/supervision consisting of self-assessment/ peer-group discussion was found to be effective in improving prescribing practices. The new strategy significantly improved the prescribing practices based on standard treatment guidelines.

Need for involving consumers in Nepal's pharmacovigilance system.

In Nepal, reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurs on a voluntary basis by doctors, pharmacists, nurses, health assistants, and other healthcare professionals. The country's pharmacovigilance program is still in its infancy; it has limited coverage and underreporting is common. This major limitation could be reduced with consumer involvement.

Improving private drug sellers' practices for managing common health problems in Nepal.

Background: In most Asian countries, 50 - 90% of pharmaceutical sales are made in private drug outlets, by personnel with some training in drugs but not for the treatment of common health problems. The objective of the study was to determine effects of focused training for private drug sellers to improve practices in treating acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in children, and anaemia in pregnancy in Nepal.

Methods: Randomized controlled, four way nested design study incorporating four interventions for drug retailers in both hill and terai districts.

Community intervention to improve knowledge and practices on commonly used drugs.

Background: World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that about half of all medicines are inappropriately prescribed, dispensed and sold and about half of all patients fail to take their medicines properly.

Objective: The overall objective of the study was improving use of medicines in the community by creating awareness among different target groups.

Materials And Methods: It was a pre-post comparison of intervention implemented at the community level in purposively selected Bhaktapur District of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

An intervention improving prescribing practices and monitoring drugs availability in a district.

To improve the quality of health care in Nepal, supervision/ monitoring involving periodic visits by the district supervisor to health facilities (top-down approach) is in practice. It is not objectively implemented because of time and financial constraints and terrain of the country. To assess the effectiveness of a pre-tested strategy i.

Evaluation of a successful intervention for sustainability and effects in post research phase.

Introduction: Promoting appropriate use of drugs is an essential element in achieving quality of health and medical cares for patients and the community, and also to minimize financial burden.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to assess the successful intervention for sustainability and effects in post research phase. To address these problems, a variety of educational, managerial and regulatory strategies to improve prescribing have been tried in Nepal.

Intervention studies on rational use of drugs in public and private sector in Nepal.

In developing countries, inappropriate, inefficient and ineffective use of pharmaceuticals have resulted into the poor health and medical cares for the community people. For improving the situation, various interventions have been tested and proved effective in different settings. In Nepal also, various strategies have been tested and found effective to improve the prescribing and dispensing practices.