A realist evaluation of the implementation of a large-scale school eye health programme in India: a qualitative study.

Purpose: This study investigates how and in what circumstances a school-based eye health programme, the Refractive Errors Among CHildren (REACH) programme, achieved its desired outcomes: accessibility, standards of refractive care, fidelity and availability of comprehensive services, for over 2 million school children in six districts across India.

Methods: We conducted a realist evaluation to identify programme aspects and their causal relationships with outcomes. Deductive and inductive thematic analysis of qualitative data included three phases: 1.

Stress and vision-related quality of life in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

Background: To compare vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) between acute and chronic Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and correlate this with Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire.

Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with both acute and chronic CSC were recruited in this study. Vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) was assessed with Rasch revised National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ25) and perceived stress with Cohen's PSS questionnaire in 118 subjects with either acute or chronic CSC.

Prevalence of refractive errors, uncorrected refractive error, and presbyopia in adults in India: A systematic review.

Purpose: The objective of this review is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors, uncorrected refractive error (URE), and uncorrected presbyopia in adults aged ≥30 years in India.

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A detailed literature search was performed to include all studies published from India from the year 1990 using the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase.

Quality of life following surgery for congenital glaucoma: findings of the LVPEI congenital glaucoma registry.

Purpose: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children operated for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) using the Kidscreen-27 questionnaire.

Methods: A total of 121 children (mean age, 11.8 years; SD, 2.

Parent-Child Agreement on Health-Related Quality of Life in Congenital Glaucoma.

Purpose: We assess parent-child agreement regarding child's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children operated for congenital glaucoma (CG).

Methods: A total of 121 children aged 8 to 18 years (mean age, 11.8 years) operated for CG (mean duration since surgery, 10.

Randomized Trial of Tablet Computers for Education and Learning in Children and Young People with Low Vision.

Significance: Mobile devices such as tablet computers have become widely available as mainstream devices and are also used in some schools, but there is an absence of robust information regarding the efficacy of any optical/electronic low vision device or tablet computer in supporting education of young people with low vision.

Purpose: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to measure the impact of tablet computers on education, specifically on independent access to educational material, in children and young people with low vision. We conducted a pilot RCT to determine the feasibility of conducting a full-scale trial.

Prevalence of refractive errors in children in India: a systematic review.

Uncorrected refractive error is an avoidable cause of visual impairment which affects children in India. The objective of this review is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in children ≤ 15 years of age. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in this review.

Tablet computers versus optical aids to support education and learning in children and young people with low vision: protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial, CREATE (Children Reading with Electronic Assistance To Educate).

Introduction: Low vision and blindness adversely affect education and independence of children and young people. New 'assistive' technologies such as tablet computers can display text in enlarged font, read text out to the user, allow speech input and conversion into typed text, offer document and spreadsheet processing and give access to wide sources of information such as the internet. Research on these devices in low vision has been limited to case series.

Outcomes of Multidisciplinary Low Vision Rehabilitation in Adults.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of multidisciplinary low vision rehabilitation (LVR) in adults with low vision (LV) in India using the Veterans Affairs Low Vision Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VA LV VFQ-48) and the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire.

Methods: Consecutive adults with LV referred for the first time to the Centre for Sight Enhancement were administered the 28-item IVI and VA LV VFQ-48 before and after LVR (4 months). Rasch-scaled scores were generated for the IVI and the VA LV VFQ-48 along with each of their subscales at both the time points.

Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Strabismus: A Modification of the Adult Strabismus-20 (AS-20) Questionnaire Using Rasch Analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Adult Strabismus-20 (AS-20)- a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire in adults with strabismus, and if flawed, to revise the AS-20 and its subscales creating valid measurement scales.

Methods: 584 adults (meanage, 27.5 years) with strabismus were recruited from an outpatient clinic at a South Indian tertiary eye care centre and were administered the AS-20 questionnaire.

Assessing the effectiveness of low vision rehabilitation in children: an observational study.

Purpose: To evaluate the change in visual functioning (VF) using the L. V. Prasad-Functional Vision Questionnaire II (LVP-FVQ II) following multidisciplinary low vision rehabilitation (LVR) services in children with low vision (LV).

Measuring coping in parents of children with disabilities: a rasch model approach.

Background: Parents of a child with disability must cope with greater demands than those living with a healthy child. Coping refers to a person's cognitive or behavioral efforts to manage the demands of a stressful situation. The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) is a well-recognized measure of coping among parents of chronically ill children and assesses different coping patterns using its three subscales.

Quality of life of caregivers of children with congenital glaucoma: development and validation of a novel questionnaire (CarCGQoL).

Purpose: We developed and validated an instrument to measure the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG): the Caregiver's Congenital Glaucoma Quality of Life (CarCGQoL) questionnaire.

Methods: A total of 70 caregivers of children with PCG under follow-up at a tertiary eye care center in India participated in a series of focus groups, and pre- and pilot testing phases in the development of the 45-item CarCGQoL questionnaire. Subsequently, this instrument was administered to 111 caregivers of children with PCG awaiting glaucoma surgery.

The patient health questionnaire-9: validation among patients with glaucoma.

Background: Depression and anxiety are two common normal responses to a chronic disease such as glaucoma. This study analysed the measurement properties of the depression screening instrument - Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) using Rasch analysis to determine if it can be used as a measure.

Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, the PHQ-9 was administered to primary glaucoma adults attending a glaucoma clinic of a tertiary eye care centre, South India.

Is utility-based quality of life in adults affected by glaucoma?

Purpose: We evaluated the utility values (UVs), using the time trade off (TTO) technique, associated with primary glaucoma and varying degrees of visual field (VF) loss.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 198 adults (mean age, 59.8 years) with primary glaucoma were recruited from the glaucoma clinic of a tertiary center in Hyderabad, South India.

Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire: evaluation in visually impaired.

Purpose: To explore the psychometric properties of the revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) in children with visual impairment (VI) using Rasch analysis.

Methods: One hundred fifty Indian children with VI between 8 and 16 years (mean age, 11.6 years; 69% male; mean acuity in the better eye of 0.

Assessment of the impact of keratoconus on vision-related quality of life.

Purpose: We determined if the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) is a valid questionnaire to measure the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in keratoconus patients, and investigated if the VRQoL varied with disease severity in this sample.

Methods: WE RECRUITED 160 CONSECUTIVE BILATERAL KERATOCONUS PATIENTS (MEAN AGE 23.3 YEARS, 63% MALE) FROM AN INDIAN TERTIARY EYE CARE CENTER.

The second version of the L. V. Prasad-functional vision questionnaire.

Purpose: The L. V. Prasad-Functional Vision Questionnaire (LVP-FVQ) was developed using Rasch analysis to assess self-reported difficulties in performing daily tasks in school children with visual impairment (VI) in India.

Impact of glaucoma on visual functioning in Indians.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of glaucoma on visual functioning in Indians.

Methods: Patients attending the glaucoma service who had undergone a comprehensive glaucoma evaluation were recruited. Better mean deviation (MD, using Humphrey Field Analyzer program 24-2) between two eyes was used to classify participants into mild, moderate, and severe visual field (VF) loss groups.

National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire or Indian Vision Function Questionnaire for visually impaired: a conundrum.

Purpose: Both the long form visual functioning scale (LFVFS(39)) and visual functioning scale (VFS) are measures of visual functioning (VF) that represent the Rasch-scaled versions of the NEI-VFQ(39) and the Indian vision function questionnaire (IND-VFQ), respectively. The objectives of this study were to investigate if the 15-item LFVFS(39) and 13-item VFS of the IND-VFQ meet the assumptions of the Rasch model and measure the same construct, VF, in an Indian visually impaired (VI) population.

Methods: Data from 120 VI adults administered both instruments concurrently, were fitted to the Rasch measurement model to demonstrate that each instrument satisfies the assumptions of the model (including unidimensionality by principal components analysis); and both instruments can be cocalibrated onto a single underlying continuum of VF.