Implementing Formative Assessment in Human Anatomy Practical Sessions: Medical Students' Perception and Effect on Final Exam Performance.

Background: Formative assessment with feedback is part of the assessment program in medical education to improve students' learning. Limited research has focused on its application and impact on practical anatomy education.

Methods: This study aimed to examine medical students' perceptions of formative assessment in practical anatomy sessions of body systems-based educational units and explore its influence on final practical exam performance.

Occurrence of the ossification of petrosphenoid ligament: a retrospective radiologic study from computed tomographic images.

Background: Various ligaments present in the skull base are of clinical and surgical importance. One among them, is the petrosphenoid ligament (PSL). PSL may ossify either in a partial or complete form and forms the roof of Dorello's canal underneath which the abducens nerve passes.

Innervation Patterns of the Pronator Teres Muscle and Their Possible Role in Neurotization: A Systematic Review of Cadaveric Studies.

Background: Contrary to the classic anatomical description, many recent studies have reported wide variations in branching patterns and location of motor branches that are supplying the pronator teres muscle. To understand these variations and their implications in surgical procedures of the nerve transfers, a systematic review was performed on the innervation of pronator teres muscle from cadaveric studies.

Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in databases such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane reviews and orthopedics textbooks using the search terms "pronator teres nerve branches"; AND "number" OR "location" OR "length" OR "diameter" yielded 545 article links.

Morphology of Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: A Cadaveric Observation with Clinical Insight.

. The morphology and function of anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee are not clearly understood even today with all the sophisticated techniques available. There have been differing descriptions of the ALL of the knee in literature, and not all of them have been named or described clearly.

Medical Students' Perceptions of Peer Assessment in a Problem-based Learning Curriculum.

Objectives: Peer assessment (PA) is believed to support learning and help students develop both professionally and personally. The aim of this study was to examine medical students' perceptions of intragroup PA in a problem-based learning (PBL) setting.

Methods: This study was carried out between September and November 2014 and involved six random groups of fourth-year undergraduate medical students (n = 60) enrolled at the Arabian Gulf University in Manama, Bahrain.

Occurrence of the retromolar foramen in dry mandibles of South-eastern part of India: a morphological study with review of the literature.

The retromolar foramen (RMF) is a rare anatomical structure situated in the retromolar fossa behind the third molar tooth. When it is present, the foramen is connected with the mandibular canal and is believed to transmit neurovascular structures that provide accessory source to the mandibular molars and the buccal area. Reports from the literature show that the presence of RMF could pose a challenge in complete blockage of the inferior alveolar nerve during mandibular surgeries.

Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on diabetes induced delayed fetal skeletal ossification.

Background: Delayed fetal skeletal ossification is one of the known complications of maternal diabetes.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective role of petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis (PECQ) on diabetes-induced delayed fetal skeletal ossification.

Materials And Methods: Female Wistar rats were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg, intraperitonial) before mating.

Beneficial Effect of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on Osteopenia Associated with Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Male Wistar Rats.

Petroleum ether fraction of Cissus quadrangularis (PECQ) impact on the development of osteopenia in type 1 diabetic rat model has been evaluated. Diabetic rats were treated orally with two doses of PECQ. Another group of diabetic rats were treated with subcutaneous injection of synthetic human insulin.

A rare anatomical variation of the Berrettini anastomosis and third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve.

Variations in the origin and distribution of Berrettini anastomosis between the digital branches of the ulnar and median nerves exist and are well described in the literature. During regular dissections by medical students, we encountered a rare variation in the left hand of an approximately 50-year-old male cadaver. Berrettini anastomosis connecting the third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve with the fourth common palmar and proper palmar digital branches of the ulnar nerve presented a plexiform nature.

Anti-osteoporotic activity of the petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. in ovariectomized Wistar rats.

Background: The plant Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) is used as an osteoprotective agent in Ayurveda, the Indian system of alternative medicine. The present study was done to validate the anti-osteoporotic role of the petroleum ether extract of CQ on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats.

Methods: Female wistar rats were divided into five groups of six rats each; (1) The Normal control (NC) group (n=6) received no surgery and no treatment, (2).

An unusual communication between the mylohyoid and lingual nerves in man: its significance in lingual nerve injury.

The mylohyoid nerve is the branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) which arises above the mandibular foramen. An abnormal communication between the mylohyoid nerve and lingual nerve (LN) was noted during the routine dissection of a male cadaver. Communicating branches between IAN and LN have been identified as a possible explanation for the inefficiency of mandibular anesthesia.

Anomalous azygos venous system in a south Indian cadaver: a case report.

Introduction: The posterior thoracic wall, an area drained by the azygos venous system, is a common site for surgical intervention. Since the venous part of the cardiovascular system is subject to most common variation, abnormalities in the azygos venous system are often reported.

Case Presentation: During routine dissection classes for undergraduate medical students, we encountered a variation in the azygos venous system in a 65 years old south Indian male cadaver.

Co-existence of superficial ulnar artery and aneurysm of the deep palmar arch in the hand.

During routine anatomy dissection classes for undergraduate medical students, an unilateral case of superficial ulnar artery (SUA) in a 75-year-old male human cadaver arosing from the third part of the right axillary artery at the junction of the two median nerve roots was observed. In the hand, the SUA coursed over the flexor retinaculum and anastomosed with the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery to form the superficial palmar arch. After the origin of the SUA, the axillary artery continued as the brachial artery, which was divided into radial and common interosseous arteries at the neck of the radius.

Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats.

Introduction: The interaction of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) with the brain is a serious concern of our society.

Objective: We evaluated the effect of RF-EMR from mobile phones on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in rats.

Materials And Methods: Healthy male albino Wistar rats were exposed to RF-EMR by giving 50 missed calls (within 1 hour) per day for 4 weeks, keeping a GSM (0.

High origin of dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and variations in its branching pattern and distribution: a case report.

Introduction: Ulnar nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus. In the front of the forearm, normally near the wrist joint, it gives a dorsal cutaneous branch which supplies the skin of the dorsum of the hand.

Case Presentation: The present case reports a very rare finding, the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve along with the main nerve trunk originated between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, after descending along the medial border of the forearm extensor surface, on the dorsal aspect of the wrist it is divided into three branches, one medial and two lateral.

Variation and clinical significance of extensor pollicis brevis: a study in South Indian cadavers.

Background: de Quervain's disease is a condition in which there is pain in the radial styloid process caused by stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) or/and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons in the first extensor compartment of the wrist. In this study we studied variations in the tendons of the EPB in the first extensor compartment and its site of insertion.

Methods: One hundred fifty six upper limbs from adult cadavers of south Indian origin were dissected to observe the number of EPB tendons and the presence of an osseo-fibrous septum in the first extensor compartment of the wrist.

Nerve loop around the axillary vessels by the roots of the median nerve a rare variation in a south Indian male cadaver: a case report.

Introduction: Median nerve is normally formed by the union of medial and lateral root arising from the medial and the lateral cords of the brachial plexus respectively. However, variations in the formation and its relation with the axillary vessels are not uncommon. Therefore, knowledge of the variations in the nerve formation and course is useful for the clinicians during surgery and for differential diagnosis of uncommon clinical conditions.

Petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis (Linn.) enhances bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and facilitates osteoblastogenesis.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis on the proliferation rate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, the differentiation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts (osteoblastogenesis) and extracellular matrix calcification. This study also aimed to determine the additive effect of osteogenic media and Cissus quadrangularis on proliferation, differentiation and calcification.

Methods: MSCs were cultured in media with or without Cissus quadrangularis for 4 weeks and were then stained for alkaline phosphatase.

Unusual external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: a case report.

Introduction: The knowledge of the branching pattern of external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and its relationship with the superior thyroid artery is the key point for identifying the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during surgeries of the neck.

Case Presentation: During routine dissection of the left head and neck region of a 50 years old female cadaver, we observed a variation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve around the superior thyroid artery. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve has presented one medial and three lateral branches.

Unorthodox superficial palmar arch observed in a South Indian cadaver: a case report.

Variations in formation of the superficial palmar arch are common. A classic superficial palmar arch is defined as direct continuity between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. During routine dissection classes to undergraduate medical students we have observed formation of superficial palmar arch solely by superficial branch of ulnar artery without any contribution from the radial artery or median artery.

Sternalis muscle revisted in South Indian male cadaver: a case report.

Introduction: Sternalis/rectus sternalis is a rare muscle found in the chest wall. Only 3-5% of the cases are found world wide.

Case Presentation: Here we report the case of Sternalis in the 60-year-old South Indian male cadaver.

Evidence-based assessment of antiosteoporotic activity of petroleum-ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.

The increasing incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and its related fractures have become global health issues in the recent days. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most frequent metabolic bone disease; it is characterized by a rapid loss of mineralized bone tissue. Hormone replacement therapy has proven efficacious in preventing bone loss but not desirable to many women due to its side-effects.

Sacral hiatus in relation to low back pain in south Indian population.

Objective: The study was designed to identify any association between the sacral hiatus of the dry sacral bones with that of patients with low back pain (LBP). The knowledge of the sacral hiatus is important in caudal epidural block (CEB).

Methods: Three hundred forty three (183 male and 160 female) complete and undamaged adult South Indian dry sacral bones and fifty two (30 male and 22 female) radiographs were included in the present study.