Reaction to norm transgressions and Islamization threat in culturally tight and loose contexts: a cross-cultural comparison of Germany versus Russia.

Prior research shows that North Americans and Western Europeans react to threats with defensive strategies based on behavioral approach vs. inhibition systems (BAS/BIS)-i.e.

Event-related potentials during individual, cooperative, and competitive task performance differ in subjects with analytic vs. holistic thinking.

It has been presented that Western cultures (USA, Western Europe) are mostly characterized by competitive forms of social interaction, whereas Eastern cultures (Japan, China, Russia) are mostly characterized by cooperative forms. It has also been stated that thinking in Eastern countries is predominantly holistic and in Western countries analytic. Based on this, we hypothesized that subjects with analytic vs.

[Patterns in the shaping and realization of individual experience].

This article describes the methodological approach of systemic psychology. In the framework of this approach a wide range of experimental data is analyzed: results of neuronal recordings in vitro and in awake normal and pathological animals learning to perform and performing both complex instrumental and simple behavioral acts. Another block of analyzed data is based on the experiments with human subjects that learn and perform the tasks of categorization of words and operator tasks, subjects, performing group game activity and answering the questionnaires of psychodiagnostic methods.

[Activity of cortical neurons in food-getting behavior following microiontophoretic administration of acetylcholine and L-glutamate].

In conditions of complex food-acquisition behaviour of rabbits, a study was made of the influence of microiontophoretically administered acetylcholine and L-glutamate, putative mediators, on the activity of single cortical neurons. It was found that the drugs changed the total frequency of neurons firing and their activations, related to certain behavioral acts, components of the complex behaviour. They did not change the pattern of neuron spike activity within the limits of the entire food-acquisition behaviour.

[Changes in the phasic evoked activity of cortical neurons following iontophoretic application of glutamate, GABA and atropine].

L-glutamic acid, GABA and atropine were applied ionophoretically from a microelectrode to single neurons in the somatosensory cortex of awake rabbits. The influence of the substances varied for the separate neuron response phases and depended on changes in electric stimulation parameters. A conclusion is made on the chemical specificity of separate phases of the neuronal responses and the neurochemical nature of the changes in the receptive fields of central neurons.