Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps.

Objective: To determine the patterns of referred pain in patients with proven cervical zygapophysial joint pain.

Design: The pain drawings were analyzed of patients with neck pain or headache who underwent controlled, diagnostic blocks, to test whether a zygapophysial joint was the source of their pain. The distribution of pain reported by each patient who had a positive response to blocks at a particular segmental level was copied onto a grid map in order to construct a composite map of the pain patterns of that segment.

Elevated basal intestinal mucosal cytokine levels in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with Crohn's disease.

AIM:To determine levels of cytokines in colonic mucosa of asymptomatic first degree relatives of Crohn's disease patients.METHODS:Cytokines (Interleukin (IL) 1-Beta, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8) were measured using ELISA in biopsy samples of normal looking colonic mucosa of first degree relatives of Crohn's disease patients (n = 9) and from normal controls (n = 10) with no family history of Crohn's disease.RESULTS:Asymptomatic first degree relatives of patients with Crohn's disease had significantly higher levels of basal intestinal mucosal cytokines (IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8) than normal controls.