Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study.

Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant public health problem. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a rich data source to facilitate resolution of medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is an electronic PRO data collection software originally implemented at primary care practices in California, United States (US).

Development and validation of the self-management Barriers and Supports Evaluation for working-aged adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: To optimize type 1 diabetes mellitus self-management, experts recommend a person-centered approach, in which care is tailored to meet people's needs and preferences. Existing tools for tailoring type 1 diabetes mellitus education and support are limited by narrow focus, lack of strong association with meaningful outcomes like A1c, or having been developed before widespread use of modern diabetes technology. To facilitate comprehensive, effective tailoring for today's working-aged adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, we developed and validated the Barriers and Supports Evaluation (BASES).

Tai Chi training for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A feasibility trial in college students.

Objective: Many young adults are affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often desire non-pharmacological treatment options. Mind-body techniques might serve as complementary therapies to first-line stimulant medications, but studies are limited. Tai Chi is an increasingly popular practice that integrates movement with cognitive skills relevant to ADHD.

Impact of family-centered tailoring of pediatric diabetes self-management resources.

Background: The American Diabetes Association recommends a family-centered approach that addresses each family's specific type 1 diabetes self-management barriers.

Objective: To assess an intervention that tailored delivery of self-management resources to families' specific self-management barriers.

Subjects: At two sites, 214 children 8-16 years old with type 1 diabetes and their parent(s) were randomized to receive tailored self-management resources (intervention, n = 106) or usual care (n = 108).

Design and baseline data from a PCORI-funded randomized controlled trial of family-centered tailoring of diabetes self-management resources.

Unlabelled: This article describes the methodology, recruitment, participant characteristics, and sustained, intensive stakeholder engagement for Project ACE (Achieving control, Connecting resources, Empowering families). Project ACE is a randomized controlled trial of children and youth ages 8-16 with type 1 diabetes evaluating the impact of tailored self-management resources on hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and quality of life (QOL). Despite strong evidence that controlling A1c reduces long-term complications, <25% of US youth with type 1 diabetes meet A1c targets.

Health Behavior Change after Blood Pressure Feedback.

Better understanding is needed for antihypertensive medication initiation and lifestyle modification among younger populations with elevated blood pressure. This study aimed to assess health behavior change after receiving a report of elevated blood pressure among African Americans and Caucasians younger than 50 years old. We used the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) repository dataset.

Intervention research to enhance community pharmacists' cognitive services: a systematic review.

Background: Positive impact of community pharmacists' cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS) is well documented. However, community pharmacists have been slow to expand CPS roles. This systematic review explores how community pharmacy intervention research can help inform efforts to expand cognitive pharmaceutical service delivery.

Older patient, physician and pharmacist perspectives about community pharmacists' roles.

Objectives: To investigate older patient, physician and pharmacist perspectives about the role of pharmacists in pharmacist-patient interactions.

Methods: Eight focus-group discussions were held in senior centres, community pharmacies and primary care physician offices. Participants were 42 patients aged 63 years and older, 17 primary care physicians and 13 community pharmacists.

Effectiveness of intervention to implement tobacco cessation counseling in community chain pharmacies.

Objectives: To test the feasibility of implementing ask-advise-refer (AAR) tobacco cessation counseling approach in community chain pharmacies serving low socioeconomic areas and to assess the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention on short-term implementation of AAR.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: South-central Wisconsin from July 2008 through March 2009.

Patient and phaRmacist telephonic encounters (PARTE) in an underserved rural patient population with asthma: results of a pilot study.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a telepharmacy intervention in an underserved, rural asthma patient population.

Subjects And Methods: Patients with asthma were randomized to receive either standard care or telephone consultations from pharmacists regarding asthma self-management over a 3-month period. Qualitative interviews were conducted to identify participants' attitudes/opinions regarding the intervention.

Patient And phaRmacist Telephonic Encounters (PARTE) in an underserved rural population with asthma: methods and rationale.

Purpose: Methods used to deliver and test a pharmacy-based asthma care telephonic service for an underserved, rural patient population are described.

Summary: In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), the Patient And phaRmacist Telephonic Encounters (PARTE) project is assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of providing pharmacy-based asthma care service telephonically. The target audience is a low income patient population across a large geographic area served by a federally qualified community health center.

Depressive symptoms and reduced preventive care use in older adults: the mediating role of perceived access.

Background: Depressive symptomatology is common in older adults and is associated with reduced adherence to recommended preventive care, but little is known as to why. Understanding how depressive symptoms may interfere with adherence can help to identify leverage points for interventions to increase preventive service use.

Objective: This study examined perceived access to medical care as a possible mediator linking depressive symptomatology to reduced preventive service use in older adults.

Evaluating pharmacists' ability to counsel on tobacco cessation using two standardized patient scenarios.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact that role-playing two pre/post standardized patient scenarios within a tobacco cessation training program had on pharmacists' counseling skills. Second, to analyze the validity of the observation coding tool used to evaluate pharmacist's role-play performance.

Methods: Pharmacists performed two role-playing scenarios which incorporated national guidelines, the 5A's counseling process, and the "preparation" and "action" phases of the transtheoretical model.

Sources of drug information for patients with chronic conditions in Alexandria, Egypt.

Objectives: This study sought to identify patients' perceived drug knowledge, need for more information and drug information sources, and how they varied by patient characteristics, particularly education level.

Methods: A convenience sample of 366 adult patients was interviewed when leaving 20 Egyptian pharmacies after collecting a dispensed prescription. Patients were asked about their (1) perceived knowledge of their drugs' purpose, (2) use of package inserts (PIs) to learn about side effects, contraindications and drug interactions, (3) perceived need to know more about their drugs and (4) general sources of drug information beyond healthcare providers.

Tobacco users' perceptions of a brief tobacco cessation intervention in community pharmacies.

Objective: To explore factors affecting tobacco users' perceived appropriateness of a brief and proactive tobacco cessation counseling program, ask, advise, and refer (AAR), at community pharmacies.

Design: Inductive thematic analysis.

Setting: Southern Wisconsin during fall 2008.

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of structured patient interactions on pharmacy students' counselling behaviours and attitudes.

Objectives: To determine whether pharmacy students who performed Diabetes Checks with patients have greater improvements in attitudes and behaviour regarding monitoring than students who performed a control activity. The Diabetes Check is a brief structured interaction that was designed to facilitate patient-pharmacist conversations about monitoring A1c, blood pressure and cholesterol (diabetes ABCs).

Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted where students in the intervention group performed five to ten Diabetes Checks.

Ask, advise and refer: hypothesis generation to promote a brief tobacco-cessation intervention in community pharmacies.

Objectives: A preliminary qualitative study was conducted to identify key facilitators and barriers for pharmacists' adoption of a brief tobacco-cessation protocol, Ask-Advise-Refer (AAR).

Methods: Ten community pharmacists were interviewed using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with open-ended questions. Purposive and saturation sampling techniques were applied to identify participants and determine sample size respectively.

Effect of a tobacco cessation continuing professional education program on pharmacists' confidence, skills, and practice-change behaviors.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a tobacco cessation training program on pharmacists' confidence, skills, and practice-change behaviors.

Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Setting: Wisconsin during 2002-2003.

Practitioner empathy and the duration of the common cold.

Objective: This study's objective was to assess the relationship of empathy in medical office visits to subsequent outcomes of the common cold.

Methods: A total of 350 subjects ? 12 years of age received either a standard or enhanced physician visit as part of a randomized controlled trial. Enhanced visits emphasized empathy on the part of the physician.

Predictors of pharmacy students' intentions to monitor diabetes.

Purpose: This research explores predictors of pharmacy students' adoption of one specific behavior, monitoring diabetes ABCs (A1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol) in the community pharmacy. Specifically, this research assessed which student situation and attitudinal factors are predictors of students' intentions and behavior in asking patients about the diabetes targets and goals as per a conceptual model.

Methods: Data was drawn from a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of the diabetes check in pharmacy students during their community pharmacy clerkships.

Development of a measure to assess pharmacy students' beliefs about monitoring chronic diseases.

Background: Pharmacy students in the community setting are ideally situated to help patients monitor chronic diseases; however, their beliefs toward monitoring patients' health are not known.

Objectives: Study objectives are to identify relevant survey constructs and survey measures about monitoring beliefs, establish their psychometric properties, and describe students' beliefs about monitoring.

Methods: Four constructs that assess pharmacy students' monitoring beliefs were identified through literature review and pilot research: self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, role beliefs, and mattering.

Quality of care for older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma based on comparisons to practice guidelines and smoking status.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of respiratory diseases in older adults and compare the demographic, health and smoking characteristics of those with and without these diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the association between smoking status and patterns in health care and how concordant this care is with guidelines.

Methods: Using a nationally representative sample of 29,902 older adults who participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1992-2002), we compared guideline recommendations on the treatment and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma with survey utilization data, including the use of bronchodilators, spirometry and influenza vaccine.

Recall of A1C, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels among community pharmacy patients with diabetes.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus who knew their personal and target glycosylated hemoglobin (AIC), blood pressure, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (ABC) levels and the proportion of patients whose recalled ABC levels were below targets set by the American Diabetes Association (ADA).

Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: 35 community and clinic pharmacies in May 2003 through May 2004.

Provision of risk management and risk assessment information: the role of the pharmacist.

Background: There exists a need to conceptualize and understand the roles that pharmacists serve to help convince others such as patients, prescribers, and payers to value their contributions and to plan for the roles they could serve in the future within the health care system.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (1) describe and track differences in pharmacists' and patients' views about the pharmacist's and physician's role in medication risk management and risk assessment in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, and (2) describe associations between selected demographic variables and reported opinions about the pharmacist's role using data from 2004.

Methods: Brushwood's Risk Management/Risk Assessment Framework was used as a conceptual guide for developing 2 risk management and 2 risk assessment scenarios.