The use of intranasal sufentanil and/or s-ketamine for treatment of procedural pain in children in an ambulatory setting: A retrospective observational study.

Background: Minor but painful medical procedures are often handled at the operating room. If safe and effective treatment options are available many procedures may be performed outside of the operating room.

Objective(s): The objective of this study is to assess the adverse events of intranasal s-ketamine and/or sufentanil alone or as part of a multimodal analgesic regime for medical procedures outside of the operating room.

Clonidine for preventing emergence agitation in infants (PREVENT AGITATION II): Protocol and statistical analysis plan.

Background: Emergence agitation is a common clinical condition in children. Symptoms pertaining to the spectrum of early postoperative negative behavior typically occur upon emergence from anesthesia. Clonidine is an effective adjunctive agent for the prevention of emergence agitation in children, but evidence in the smallest age groups is sparse We aim to investigate the efficacy and safety of an intraoperative bolus of intravenous clonidine for preventing emergence agitation in children 3-12 months of age.

Evaluation of topical morphine for treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients.

Introduction: Oral mucositis is a painful side effect to chemotherapy. Orally applied opioids may offer analgesia with fewer side effects than systemic opioids.

Methods: A randomized trial comparing the analgesic effect of a morphine oromucosal solution (OM) to placebo and a positive control group receiving intravenous (IV) morphine as an add-on treatment to morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in a mixed population of paediatric and adult haematology patients.

Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.

Background: Clonidine is used off-label in children but only limited pediatric pharmacokinetic data are available for intravenously administered clonidine.

Objectives: To determine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of clonidine in healthy children undergoing surgery and to investigate age-related differences. Furthermore, to investigate possible pharmacokinetic differences of clonidine between this group of children and a cohort with cardiac diseases.

Morphine consumption is associated with systemic inflammation in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The majority of children undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) experience severe pain due to chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Inter-individual differences in pain perceived and opioid consumption remain unexplained, limiting the possibility for individualized pain control. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between opioid consumption and markers of gastrointestinal toxicity (plasma citrulline) and systemic inflammation (plasma CRP and IL-6) in these patients.

Intraoperative clonidine for prevention of postoperative agitation in children anaesthetised with sevoflurane (PREVENT AGITATION): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Background: Postoperative agitation is a frequent and stressful condition for a child, their family, and their health-care providers, and prevention would be of benefit. We aimed to assess the effects of intravenous clonidine administered intraoperatively on the incidence of postoperative agitation, pain, and adverse events.

Methods: We did this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (PREVENT AGITATION) at one tertiary-level hospital and two urban-district hospitals in Denmark.

Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial.

Introduction: Post-operative agitation (PA) is a common problem (20-70%) in children anaesthetised with sevoflur-ane. Clonidine is widely used off-label in children for several indications, including PA, but the current level of evidence is limited. Our aim is to investigate the impact of prophylactic intravenous (IV) clonidine administered at the end of surgery on the incidence and degree of PA.

Intranasal sufentanil/ketamine analgesia in children.

Background: The management of procedural pain in children ranges from physical restraint to pharmacological interventions. Pediatric formulations that permit accurate dosing, are accepted by children and a have a rapid onset of analgesia are lacking.

Objectives: To investigate a pediatric formulation of intranasal sufentanil 0.

Topical morphine for oral mucositis in children: dose finding and absorption.

Context: Systemic opioids for painful chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in children often result in unsatisfactory pain relief and a high frequency of side effects. Opioids applied topically can produce analgesia by binding to opioid receptors on peripheral terminals of sensory neurons. These receptors are upregulated during inflammation, for example, in oral mucositis.

Population pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following a two-stage intravenous infusion in healthy volunteers.

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following administration of an intravenous (i.v.) infusion.