Molecular characterization of CNS paragangliomas identifies cauda equina paragangliomas as a distinct tumor entity.

Paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the adrenal gland or ganglia at various sites throughout the body. They display a remarkable diversity of driver alterations and are associated with germline mutations in up to 40% of the cases. Comprehensive molecular profiling of abdomino-thoracic paragangliomas revealed four molecularly defined and clinically relevant subtypes.

Fronto-orbital advancement in a patient with Marshall-Smith syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.

Objective: The present report aimed to document the clinical features of a case of Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS), an extremely rare embryonic developmental disorder with associated craniosynostosis.

Patient And Method: We presented herein a case of a 2-year-old female patient with MSS who underwent fronto-orbital advancement for multisuture craniosynostosis.

Results: The patient's proptosis improved after surgery, and no further surgical intervention was required for corneal exposure.

Pediatric intraventricular arachnoid cysts in the body of lateral ventricle: surgical outcome and its embryologic background.

Purpose: The aim of this study is for the surgical treatment and outcome of the endoscopic fenestration of the arachnoid cyst located in the ventricular body to trigone in the pediatric population. Special concern was paid for the developmental origin of the intraventricular cysts estimated from the postoperative follow-up neuroimagings.

Patients And Methods: Between July 2002 and June 2015, we performed endoscopic and partly CT/MRI navigated fenestrations of intraventricular arachnoid cysts located at the body to trigone of the lateral ventricle in ten pediatric patients aged 2 months to 5 years.

Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is described as inappropriate and undesirable sleepiness during waking hours and is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease, affecting up to 50% of patients. EDS has a large impact on the quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients as well as of their caregivers, in some cases even more than the motor symptoms of the disease. Drug-induced EDS is a particular problem as many dopamine agonists used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease have EDS as an adverse effect.