Immunopathogenesis of Different Emerging Viral Infections: Evasion, Fatal Mechanism, and Prevention.

Different emerging viral infections may emerge in different regions of the world and pose a global pandemic threat with high fatality. Clarification of the immunopathogenesis of different emerging viral infections can provide a plan for the crisis management and prevention of emerging infections. This perspective article describes how an emerging viral infection evolves from microbial mutation, zoonotic and/or vector-borne transmission that progresses to a fatal infection due to overt viremia, tissue-specific cytotropic damage or/and immunopathology.

Variation in fracture risk estimation among East Asian women.

Objectives: Bone mineral density (BMD) testing and fracture risk calculation help clinicians assess fracture risk and counsel patients. However, predicted fracture risks and outcomes for US East Asian individuals remain understudied.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Embryonic cardiac chamber maturation: Trabeculation, conduction, and cardiomyocyte proliferation.

Congenital heart diseases are some of the most common human birth defects. Though some congenital heart defects can be surgically corrected, treatment options for other congenital heart diseases are very limited. In many congenital heart diseases, genetic defects lead to impaired embryonic heart development or growth.

Sialylated glycans as receptor and inhibitor of enterovirus 71 infection to DLD-1 intestinal cells.

Background: Many viruses recognize specific sugar residues, particularly sulfated or sialylated glycans, as the infection receptors. A change of sialic acid (2-6)-linked galactose (SA-alpha2,6Gal) to SA-alpha2,3Gal determines the receptor for avian flu infection. The receptor for enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection that frequently causes fatal encephalitis in Asian children remains unclear.