Dithiolethiones D3T and ACDT Protect Against Iron Overload-Induced Cytotoxicity and Serve as Ferroptosis Inhibitors in U-87 MG Cells.

Iron overload-induced oxidative stress is implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Given the numerous adverse effects associated with current iron chelators, natural antioxidants are being explored as alternative therapeutic options. Dithiolethiones found in cruciferous vegetables have emerged as promising candidates against a wide range of toxicants owing to their lipophilic and cytoprotective properties.

Reversal of genetic brain iron accumulation by N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide, a lipophilic metal chelator, in mice.

N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) is a novel lipophilic metal chelator and antioxidant used in mercury poisoning. Recent studies have suggested that NBMI may also bind to other metals such as lead and iron. Since NBMI can enter the brain, we evaluated if NBMI removes excess iron from the iron-loaded brain and ameliorates iron-induced oxidative stress.

N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI) exerts neuroprotection against lead-induced toxicity in U-87 MG cells.

N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) is a novel lipophilic heavy metal chelator and thiol redox antioxidant. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of NBMI in U-87 MG cells exposed to lead acetate (PbAc). Cells were pretreated with NBMI for 24 h prior to a 48 h exposure to PbAc.

Neuroprotective effects of disubstituted dithiolethione ACDT against manganese-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.

Dithiolethiones are lipophilic, organosulfur compounds that activate the Nrf2 transcription factor causing an upregulation of various phase II antioxidant enzymes. A disubstituted dithiolethione 5-amino-3-thioxo-3H-(1,2) dithiole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (ACDT) retains the functional pharmacophore while also containing modifiable functional groups. Neuroprotection against autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo and 6-hydroxy dopamine (a model for Parkinson's disease) in vitro have been previously reported with ACDT.

All India Ophthalmological Society - Oculoplastics Association of India consensus statement on preferred practices in oculoplasty and lacrimal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Oculoplastic surgeries encompass both emergency surgeries for traumatic conditions and infectious disorders as well as elective aesthetic procedures. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a drastic change in this practice. Given the highly infectious nature of the disease as well as the global scarcity of medical resources; it is only prudent to treat only emergent conditions during the pandemic as we incorporate evidence-based screening and protective measures into our practices.

Disubstituted Dithiolethione ACDT Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure. Oxidative stress has been found to play a significant role in its etiology, and the search for novel neuroprotective compounds that actively prevent disease progression is currently ongoing. Dithiolethiones are a group of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds found in cruciferous vegetables.

Influence of iron metabolism on manganese transport and toxicity.

Although manganese (Mn) is critical for the proper functioning of various metabolic enzymes and cofactors, excess Mn in the brain causes neurotoxicity. While the exact transport mechanism of Mn has not been fully understood, several importers and exporters for Mn have been identified over the past decade. In addition to Mn-specific transporters, it has been demonstrated that iron transporters can mediate Mn transport in the brain and peripheral tissues.

Further structure-activity relationships study of substituted dithiolethiones as glutathione-inducing neuroprotective agents.

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with oxidative stress and glutathione depletion. The induction of cellular glutathione levels by exogenous molecules is a promising neuroprotective approach to limit the oxidative damage that characterizes Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Dithiolethiones, a class of sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules, are known to increase cellular levels of glutathione; however, limited information is available regarding the influence of dithiolethione structure on activity.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships study of dithiolethiones as inducers of glutathione in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species have been shown to deplete cellular levels of the ubiquitous antioxidant glutathione, leading to oxidative stress and eventual neuronal cell death. Dithiolethiones, a class of sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules, have been shown to induce cellular production of glutathione in a variety of tissues, but have not been extensively evaluated in neurons.

Neurobehavioral effects of lead and manganese individually and in combination in developmentally exposed rats.

The behavioral effects of exposure to environmentally relevant low levels of the known neurotoxicants lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) are of current interest, especially when exposure occurs in the period of early development. The incidence of real life neurodevelopmental toxicity is dependent on co-exposure to multiple neurotoxicants present in the environment, and it is therefore important to study these in combination. Pregnant rats were given ad libitum access to drinking water solutions containing Pb (10 μg/mL), Mn (2mg/mL) or a mixture, from beginning of gestation, through lactation and until weaning.

Rare presentation of fungal orbital cellulitis in an immunocompetent infant.

A 3-month-old infant presented with unilateral proptosis. Ophthalmic and physical examinations, computed tomography, and histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen were performed. Histopathologic examination confirmed fungal orbital cellulitis.

Orbital space-occupying lesions in Indian children.

Purpose: To present a review of all patients younger than 16 years who presented to us with orbital space-occupying lesions.

Methods: Retrospective case study.

Results: We analyzed the records of 119 children younger than 16 years of age who had presented to us with proptosis during the 10-year study period.

Prospective evaluation of fundus changes in patients with orbital mass lesions.

Purpose: To study fundus changes associated with orbital mass lesions.

Methods: In a prospective, interventional case series, 28 patients undergoing surgery for discrete orbital masses had detailed fundus examination under dilation using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Preoperative visual acuity and the amount and duration of proptosis were noted.

Inverse Bell's phenomenon observed following levator resection for blepharoptosis.

Background: Ptosis surgery is one of the more widely performed surgeries in ophthalmology. Preoperative lagophthalmos, Bell's phenomenon, corneal sensation and dry eye are important factors to be assessed in these cases, which influence the functional and cosmetic results. We herein describe the interesting complication of transient inversion of Bell's phenomenon observed following extensive levator resection performed for congenital ptosis.

Orbital spread of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma following evisceration: a reminder of the importance of thorough evaluation before and after destructive surgery.

Evisceration is a neglected surgery usually performed by the most junior ophthalmologists in unsalvageable eyes with panophthalmitis. It is universal knowledge that evisceration is contraindicated in eyes with intraocular malignancy. We report 2 patients who presented to us with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in eviscerated sockets.

Pleomorphic adenomas of the lacrimal gland: a clinicopathological analysis.

Purpose: To analyse retrospectively 32 cases of pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland diagnosed over a 10-year period in a tertiary referral eye centre from North India.

Methods: The clinical features of 32 cases of pleomorphic adenomas diagnosed between 1991 and 2000 were analysed and the histopathological features reviewed light microscopically.

Results: Among the clinical features, a marked male predominance with younger age of presentation and left-sided dominance was noted.

Evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene suture for frontalis suspension as compared to polybutylate-coated braided polyester.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) suture as compared to polybutylate-coated braided polyester (Ethibond) suture as sling materials for frontalis suspension in bilateral congenital ptosis.

Methods: Frontalis sling surgery by modified Crawford's double triangle technique was performed on 30 patients (60 eyes) with bilateral ptosis. The patients were randomized into two groups depending on the type of suture material used: polytetrafluoroethylene or braided polyester.

Lipoid proteinosis: a rare disorder with pathognomonic lid lesions.

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare disorder seen even more rarely by ophthalmologists. The interesting clinical and histopathological features of this disease are described in a brother and sister who presented predominantly with lid lesions, without any systemic complaints. Knowledge of the typical lid lesions may help to diagnose this disorder.

Pattern of orbital exenteration in a tertiary eye care centre in India.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the clinical indications for orbital exenteration, profile of these patients and clinicopathological correlations, and to compare these results with previous published data.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of exenterations performed in adults at a tertiary eye care centre in India over a period of 10 years (January 1990 to December 2000). Patient records were reviewed to obtain demographic data, presenting symptoms and their duration, laterality, and clinical and histopathological diagnosis.

Primary orbital plasmacytoma: A case report.

A 50-year-old man presented with a fungating growth in the left eye of 3 months duration. Biopsy of the mass followed by light microscopy was suggestive of plasmacytoma and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical stains, which demonstrated monoclonality to kappa light chains. Systemic investigations ruled out a multiple myeloma.

Ultrasound findings in orbital hydatid cysts.

Purpose: To describe the ultrasound features seen in orbital hydatid disease, which may confirm the diagnosis preoperatively.

Design: Interventional case series.

Methods: Nine patients of orbital hydatid cyst were evaluated preoperatively with ultrasound and computed tomography scans.