Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate abnormalities in the emergency department.

Derangements of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. These minerals have vital roles in the cellular physiology of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems. This article describes the pathophysiology of these mineral disorders.

Emergency diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage: an evidence-based debate.

Background: The diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is of paramount concern in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute headache. Computed tomography followed by lumbar puncture is a time-honored practice, but recent technologic advances in magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography with computed tomography angiography can present alternatives for clinicians and patients.

Objective: The aim of this article was to compare diagnostic strategies for ED patients in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage is suspected.