Exploration of the trait-activation model of pain catastrophizing in Native Americans: results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American pain risk (OK-SNAP).

Objectives: Native Americans (NAs) have the highest prevalence of chronic pain of any racial/ethnic group. This issue has received little attention from the scientific community. One factor that may contribute to racial pain disparities is pain catastrophizing.

The Relationship Between Experienced Discrimination and Pronociceptive Processes in Native Americans: Results From the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Native Americans (NAs) have higher pain rates than the general U.S. population.

Sleep Buffers the Effect of Discrimination on Cardiometabolic Allostatic Load in Native Americans: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Objectives: Compared to other racial/ethnic groups, Native Americans (NAs) are more likely to develop health conditions associated with allostatic load (stress-related wear-and-tear). Psychosocial factors (i.e.

Are Cardiometabolic Markers of Allostatic Load Associated With Pronociceptive Processes in Native Americans?: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis From the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Native Americans (NAs) experience higher rates of chronic pain than the general U.S. population, but the risk factors for this pain disparity are unknown.

The Relationship Between Adverse Life Events and Endogenous Inhibition of Pain and Spinal Nociception: Findings From the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk (OK-SNAP).

Adverse life events (ALEs) are a risk factor for chronic pain; however, mechanisms underlying this association are not understood. This study examined whether cumulative ALE exposure impairs endogenous inhibition of pain (assessed from pain report) and spinal nociception (assessed from nociceptive flexion reflex; NFR) in healthy, pain-free Native Americans (n = 124) and non-Hispanic Whites (n = 129) during a conditioned pain modulation (CPM) task. Cumulative ALE exposure was assessed prior to testing by summing the number of potentially traumatic events experienced by each participant across their lifespan.

The Association Between Adverse Life Events, Psychological Stress, and Pain-Promoting Affect and Cognitions in Native Americans: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Native Americans (NAs) experience higher rates of chronic pain. To examine the mechanisms for this pain inequity, we have previously shown that NAs report higher levels of pain-related anxiety and pain catastrophizing, which are in turn related to pronociceptive (pain-promoting) processes. But, it is currently unclear why NAs would report greater pain-related anxiety and catastrophizing.

Examining Configural, Metric, and Scalar Invariance of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in Native American and Non-Hispanic White Adults in the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk (OK-SNAP).

Introduction: Native Americans (NAs) have a higher prevalence of chronic pain than other US racial/ethnic groups, but the mechanisms contributing to this pain disparity are under-researched. Pain catastrophizing is one of the most important psychosocial predictors of negative pain outcomes, and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) has been established as a reliable and valid measure of the pain catastrophizing construct. However, before the PCS can be used to study pain risk in NAs, it is prudent to first determine whether the established 3-factor structure of the PCS also holds true for NAs.

A qualitative analysis of pain meaning: results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk (OK-SNAP).

The most widely accepted definition of pain considers it a sensory and emotional experience associated with potential or actual physical harm. However, research tends to generalize findings from predominantly European American samples thereby assuming universality across cultures. Because of the high prevalence of pain within the AI group, it is important to consider whether their conceptualization of pain is similar to the universal definition.

The Effect of Pain Catastrophizing on Endogenous Inhibition of Pain and Spinal Nociception in Native Americans: Results From the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Background: Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a task that involves measuring pain in response to a test stimulus before and during a painful conditioning stimulus (CS). The CS pain typically inhibits pain elicited by the test stimulus; thus, this task is used to assess endogenous pain inhibition. Moreover, less efficient CPM-related inhibition is associated with chronic pain risk.

Pain-related anxiety promotes pronociceptive processes in Native Americans: bootstrapped mediation analyses from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Introduction: Evidence suggests Native Americans (NAs) experience higher rates of chronic pain than the general US population, but the mechanisms contributing to this disparity are poorly understood. Recently, we conducted a study of healthy, pain-free NAs (n = 155), and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs, n = 150) to address this issue and found little evidence that NAs and NHWs differ in pain processing (assessed from multiple quantitative sensory tests). However, NAs reported higher levels of pain-related anxiety during many of the tasks.

Assessing peripheral fibers, pain sensitivity, central sensitization, and descending inhibition in Native Americans: main findings from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Native Americans (NAs) have a higher prevalence of chronic pain than other U.S. racial/ethnic groups, but there have been few attempts to understand the mechanisms of this pain disparity.

Anger Inhibition and Pain Modulation.

Background: The tendency to inhibit anger (anger-in) is associated with increased pain. This relationship may be explained by the negative affectivity hypothesis (anger-in increases negative affect that increases pain). Alternatively, it may be explained by the cognitive resource hypothesis (inhibiting anger limits attentional resources for pain modulation).

Conditioned Pain Modulation in Sexual Assault Survivors.

Sexual assault (SA) is associated with an increased risk of chronic pain, but the mechanisms for this relationship are poorly understood. To explore whether disrupted descending inhibition is involved, this study used a conditioned pain modulation task to study the inhibition of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR; a correlate of spinal nociception) in 32 pain-free SA survivors. This group was compared with 32 pain-free, trauma-exposed persons without SA and a group of 40 pain-free persons who reported no trauma exposure.

Sensory, Affective, and Catastrophizing Reactions to Multiple Stimulus Modalities: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Native Americans (NAs) have a higher prevalence of chronic pain than any other U.S. racial/ethnic group; however, little is known about the mechanisms for this pain disparity.

Race/Ethnicity Does Not Moderate the Relationship Between Adverse Life Experiences and Temporal Summation of the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex and Pain: Results From the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.

Adverse life experiences (ALEs) are associated with hyperalgesia and chronic pain, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. One potential mechanism is hyperexcitability of spinal neurons (ie, central sensitization). Given that Native Americans (NAs) are more likely to have ALEs and to have a higher prevalence of chronic pain, the relationship between ALEs and spinal hyperexcitability might contribute to their pain risk.

The Influence of Placebo Analgesia Manipulations on Pain Report, the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex, and Autonomic Responses to Pain.

Expectations for pain relief and experience/conditioning are psychological factors that contribute to placebo analgesia, yet few studies have studied the physiological mechanisms underlying their effects. This study randomized 133 participants to 4 groups: an expectation only (E-only) group, a conditioning only (C-only) group, an expectation plus conditioning (E+C) group, and a natural history (NH) control group. Painful electric stimulations were delivered before and after an inert cream was applied to the site of stimulation.

Emotional Modulation of Pain and Spinal Nociception in Sexual Assault Survivors.

Objective: Sexual assault (SA) is associated with an increased risk for chronic pain and affective distress. Given that emotional processes modulate pain (e.g.

Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation are Related to Habituation of Nociceptive Flexion Reflex, but Not Pain Ratings.

Unlabelled: Habituation (ie, decreases in responding) and sensitization (ie, increases in responding) after prolonged or repeated exposures to a fixed stimulus have been identified as important in adaptation to repeated or prolonged noxious stimulation. Determinants of habituation or sensitization are poorly understood, and experimental investigation of habituation of pain ratings have generally relied on pain reports and statistical techniques that average responses across a group of participants. Using a cross-sectional design, the current study used multilevel growth curve analyses to examine changes in the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR), a spinal nociceptive withdrawal reflex, and pain ratings in response to 12 repeated, constant intensity, noxious electrocutaneous stimuli.

Endogenous inhibition of pain and spinal nociception in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Purpose: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by severe affective and physical symptoms, such as increased pain, during the late-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia in women with PMDD have yet to be identified, and supraspinal pain modulation has yet to be examined in this population. The present study assessed endogenous pain inhibitory processing by examining conditioned pain modulation (CPM, a painful conditioning stimulus inhibiting pain evoked by a test stimulus at a distal body site) of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR, a spinally-mediated withdrawal reflex) during the mid-follicular, ovulatory, and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

Natural variation in testosterone is associated with hypoalgesia in healthy women.

Objective: Sex differences in pain are well established, with women reporting greater incidence of clinical pain and heightened responsivity to experimental pain stimuli relative to men. Sex hormones (ie, estrogens, progestins, androgens) could contribute to extant differences in pain sensitivity between men and women. Despite this, there has been limited experimental research assessing the relationship between pain and sex hormones.

Affective disturbance associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder does not disrupt emotional modulation of pain and spinal nociception.

In healthy individuals, emotions modulate pain and spinal nociception according to a valence linear trend (ie, pain/nociception is highest during negative emotions and lowest during positive emotions). However, emerging evidence suggests that emotional modulation of pain (but not spinal nociception) is disrupted in fibromyalgia and disorders associated with chronic pain risk (eg, major depression, insomnia). The present study attempted to extend this work and to examine whether women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a cyclical syndrome associated with debilitating affective symptoms during the late-luteal (premenstrual) phase of the menstrual cycle, is also associated with disrupted emotional modulation of pain.

Nociceptive processing in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): the role of menstrual phase and sex hormones.

Objective: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is associated with increased pain, but there has been a lack of well-controlled research assessing pain responsivity, sex hormones, and their relationships in this group. This study was designed to address this gap in the literature.

Materials And Methods: Healthy, regularly cycling participants (14 PMDD, 14 non-PMDD) attended pain testing sessions during the mid-follicular, ovulatory, and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle (order counterbalanced) and salivary estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were assessed at each testing session.

Exploring pain processing differences in Native Americans.

Objective: Several chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in Native Americans than in any other group in the United States; however, little has been done to identify factors contributing to this disparity. The study presented here was designed to examine whether there were pain processing differences in Native Americans relative to non-Hispanic White controls.

Methods: Participants were healthy, pain-free Native Americans (n = 22, 8 females) and non-Hispanic Whites (n = 20, 7 females).

Do sex hormones influence emotional modulation of pain and nociception in healthy women?

Sex hormones may contribute to inter- and intra-individual differences in pain by influencing emotional modulation of pain and nociception. To study this, a well-validated picture-viewing paradigm was used to assess emotional modulation of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR; physiologic measure of nociception) during mid-follicular, ovulatory, and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy normally cycling women (n=40). Salivary estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were assessed at each testing session.

Examining emotional modulation of pain and spinal nociception in Native Americans: a preliminary investigation.

Pain problems are more prevalent in Native Americans than in any other group in the U.S., and this might result from group differences in pain modulation.