Inflammatory molecular endotypes of nasal polyps derived from White and Japanese populations.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a highly heterogeneous disease with disparate inflammatory characteristics between different racial groups and geographies. Currently, little is known about possible underlying distinguishing factors between these inflammatory differences.

Objective: Our aim was to interrogate differences in CRSwNP disease between White/non-Asian patients and Japanese patients by using whole transcriptome and single-cell RNA gene expression profiling of nasal polyps (NPs).

The development of sleep-wake rhythms and the search for elemental circuits in the infant brain.

Despite the predominance of sleep in early infancy, developmental science has yet to play a major role in shaping concepts and theories about sleep and its associated ultradian and circadian rhythms. Here we argue that developmental analyses help us to elucidate the relative contributions of the brainstem and forebrain to sleep-wake control and to dissect the neural components of sleep-wake rhythms. Developmental analysis also makes it clear that sleep-wake processes in infants are the foundation for those of adults.