Bacterial effectors mimicking ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tweak plant immunity.

Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are secreted into the plant cells to establish pathogenicity by affecting the vital plant process viz. metabolic pathways, signal transduction and hormonal regulation.