Evaluation of the routine implementation of pulse oximeters into integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines at primary health care level in West Africa: the AIRE mixed-methods research protocol.

Background: The AIRE operational project will evaluate the implementation of the routine Pulse Oximeter (PO) use in the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under-5 in primary health care centers (PHC) in West Africa. The introduction of PO should promote the accurate identification of hypoxemia (pulse blood oxygen saturation Sp02 < 90%) among all severe IMCI cases (respiratory and non-respiratory) to prompt their effective case management (oxygen, antibiotics and other required treatments) at hospital. We seek to understand how the routine use of PO integrated in IMCI outpatients works (or not), for whom, in what contexts and with what outcomes.

Severe dengue in adults and children, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), West Africa, October 2015-January 2017.

Introduction: Although dengue is the most common arbovirus infection worldwide, studies of severe dengue in Africa are lacking, and risk factors for severe dengue have been insufficiently described. This study was conducted in the context of the 2016 dengue epidemic in Burkina Faso to determine the prevalence of severe dengue, identify factors associated with severe dengue, and perform mapping of dengue cases in the country's capital, Ouagadougou.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to January 2017.

Determinants of childbirth care quality along the care continuum in limited resource settings: A structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional data from Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire.

Introduction: Despite the important increase in in-facility births, perinatal mortality rates have remained high and slow to decrease in many developing countries. This situation is attributed to poor childbirth care quality. The reason why women delivering in health facilities do not always receive care of an adequate standard is unclear.

Pneumococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: Results From 2 Cross-sectional Population-Based Surveys.

Background: Burkina Faso, a country in Africa's meningitis belt, introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in October 2013, with 3 primary doses given at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. To assess whether the new PCV13 program controlled pneumococcal carriage, we evaluated overall and serotype-specific colonization among children and adults during the first 3 years after introduction.

Methods: We conducted 2 population-based, cross-sectional, age-stratified surveys in 2015 and 2017 in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso.

Assessment of missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in Burkina Faso using the World Health Organization's revised MOV strategy: Findings and strategic considerations to improve routine childhood immunization coverage.

Background: Despite the remarkable achievements of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Burkina Faso, numerous challenges remain, including missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) which occur when people visit a health facility with at least one vaccine due according to the national immunization schedule, are free of contraindications, and leave without receiving all due vaccine doses. In 2016, we used the revised World Health Organization's (WHO) MOV strategy to assess the extent of and reasons for MOV in Burkina Faso.

Methods: We purposively selected 27 primary health facilities (PHFs) from the eight health districts with the highest absolute numbers of children who missed the first dose of measles-rubella (MR1) in 2015.

Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of hospitalizations for all-cause pneumonia among children aged less than 5 years in Burkina Faso: An interrupted time-series analysis.

Background: Pneumococcal disease is a major public health concern globally and particularly in Burkina Faso, where the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced nationwide into the routine immunization schedule in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate vaccine impact on all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations among children <5 years of age.

Methods: Hospitalization data covering a 10-year period (January 1, 2009-December 31, 2018) were collected retrospectively in four rural district hospitals, using medical records to extract data on relevant variables.

Dengue infection during pregnancy in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Dengue fever is prevalent in the world; in recent years, several outbreaks occurred in West Africa. It affects pregnant women. We aimed to assess the consequences of dengue fever on pregnant women and their fetuses during dengue epidemic in Burkina Faso.

A PBPK model to study the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to tissues of fast- and slow-growing broilers.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to investigate the production-specific factors involved in the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to broiler meat. The model describes growth and lipid deposition in tissues of fast- (FG) and slow- (SG) growing broilers from hatching to slaughter and simulates the exposure through the ingestion of contaminated feed or expanded polystyrene insulation material. Growth parameters were obtained from the literature while parameters relative to uptake, distribution, and elimination of α-HBCDD were adjusted using results of a previous experiment involving broilers exposed through feed throughout the rearing period or allowed to depurate before slaughter.

Multiobjective formulation is an effective method to reduce environmental impacts of livestock feeds.

Environmental and economic performances of livestock production are related largely to the production of complete feeds provided on commercial farms. Formulating feeds based on environmental and economic criteria appears a suitable approach to address the current challenges of animal production. We developed a multiobjective (MO) method of formulating feed which considers both the cost and environmental impacts (estimated via life cycle assessment) of the feed mix.

Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among Infants, Toddlers, and Children in Western Burkina Faso: Results From a Clinical Trial of Alternative Immunization Schedules.

Background: Many African countries have introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into their routine immunization program to reduce the burden of morbidity and death that results from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, yet immunogenicity and reactogenicity data from the region are limited for the 2 available PCV products.

Methods: We conducted a randomized trial of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Infants received 3 doses of PCV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age or at 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 9 months of age; toddlers received 2 doses 2 months apart or 1 dose beginning at 12 to 15 months of age; and children received 1 dose between 2 and 4 years of age.

Accumulation of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in tissues of fast- and slow-growing broilers (Gallus domesticus).

The aim of the current study was to describe the fate of ingested α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in fast-growing (FG) and slow-growing (SG) broilers, through an exposure to a dietary concentration of 50 ng α-HBCDD g feed during 42 and 84 days, respectively. Depuration parameters were assessed in SG broilers successively exposed during 42 days and depurated during 42 days. At market age, SG broilers had ingested 42% more feed than FG broilers, while their body weight gain per g of feed ingested was 34% lower.

Audit of cesarean delivery in Burkina Faso.

Objective: To assess the level and determinants of unnecessary cesarean delivery.

Methods: In a retrospective study, the medical charts were reviewed for 300 low-risk women who underwent intrapartum cesarean delivery at 10 referral hospitals in Burkina Faso between May 2009 and April 2010. In this context, cesarean deliveries were delegated to clinical officers who have less training than doctors.

Awareness, treatment, control of hypertension and utilization of health care services following screening in the North-central region of Burkina Faso.

Introduction: In Africa, a non-urban area is affected by hypertension. But in Burkina Faso, no study on factors associated with awareness, treatment and control of hypertension has not yet been published. The objectives of this report are to: (i) identify the factors associated with awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult population of Kaya health and demographic surveillance system (Kaya HDSS) and (ii) estimate health care services utilization by participant newly screened as hypertensive.