Replication of ribosomal DNA in occurs both inside and outside the nucleolus during S phase progression.

Ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) have been used as valuable experimental systems in numerous studies. Here, we focus on elucidating the spatiotemporal organisation of rDNA replication in To determine the subnuclear distribution of rDNA and the progression of its replication during the S phase, we apply 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, fluorescence hybridization and structured illumination microscopy. We show that rDNA is replicated inside and outside the nucleolus, where active transcription occurs at the same time.

Statins normalize vascular lysyl oxidase down-regulation induced by proatherogenic risk factors.

Aims: Statins are lipid-lowering drugs widely used in the management of vascular diseases. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that statins improve endothelial function by both cholesterol-lowering-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have previously shown that endothelial dysfunction induced by risk factors and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with down-regulation of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a key enzyme modulating extracellular matrix maturation and vascular integrity.

Regulation of lysyl oxidase in vascular cells: lysyl oxidase as a new player in cardiovascular diseases.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a crucial role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix stability and could participate in vascular remodelling associated with cardiovascular diseases. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies shows that LOX downregulation is associated with the endothelial dysfunction characteristic of earlier stages of the atherosclerotic process. Conversely, upregulation of this enzyme in vascular cells could induce neointimal thickening in atherosclerosis and restenosis.

High levels of homocysteine inhibit lysyl oxidase (LOX) and downregulate LOX expression in vascular endothelial cells.

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherothrombosis, alters endothelial function through a mechanism not fully understood. Downregulation of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme involved in extracellular matrix maturation, impairs the endothelial barrier function and could be involved in homocysteine (HC)-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of HC on LOX regulation in vascular endothelial cells.

Low density lipoproteins downregulate lysyl oxidase in vascular endothelial cells and the arterial wall.

Objective: Hypercholesterolemia induces endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of the atherosclerotic process, modulating the expression of key genes in vascular endothelial cells.

Methods And Results: By differential display analysis, we have studied the effect of high concentrations of native low density lipoprotein (LDL) on endothelial gene expression. mRNA levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme involved in collagen and elastin cross-linking, were downregulated by LDL treatment in endothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (80% of inhibition by 180 mg/dL LDL for 24 hours).