Metabolomics in early life and the association with body composition at age 2 years.

Background And Objectives: Early life is a critical window for adiposity programming. Metabolic-profile in early life may reflect this programming and correlate with later life adiposity. We investigated if metabolic-profile at 3 months of age is predictive for body composition at 2 years and if there are differences between boys and girls and between infant feeding types.

Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula.

Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula.

Long-term effects of a modified, low-protein infant formula on growth and body composition: Follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, equivalence trial.

Background & Aim: High protein intake in early life is associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. Feeding a modified lower-protein (mLP) infant formula (1.7 g protein/100 kcal) until the age of 6 months is safe and supports adequate growth.

Early-Life Metabolic and Hormonal Markers in Blood and Growth until Age 2 Years: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Infants Fed a Modified Low-Protein Infant Formula.

Background: High protein intake in early life is associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. Dietary protein intake may be a key mechanistic modulator through alterations in endocrine and metabolic responses.

Objective: We aimed to determine the impact of different protein intake of infants on blood metabolic and hormonal markers at the age of four months.

Longitudinal human milk macronutrients, body composition and infant appetite during early life.

Background & Aims: Breastfeeding is the gold standard infant feeding. Data on macronutrients in relation to longitudinal body composition and appetite are very scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal human milk macronutrients at 1 and 3 months in association with body composition and appetite during early life in healthy, term-born infants.

Effects of an early life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice.

We recently reported that feeding mice in their early life a diet containing a lipid structure more similar to human milk (eIMF, Nuturis) results in lower body weights and fat mass gain upon high fat feeding in later life, compared to control (cIMF). To understand the underlying mechanisms, we now explored parameters possibly involved in this long-term effect. Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, fed rodent diets containing eIMF or cIMF from postnatal (PN) day 16-42, were sacrificed at PN42.

Spontaneous liver disease in wild-type C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed semisynthetic diet.

Mouse models are frequently used to study mechanisms of human diseases. Recently, we observed a spontaneous bimodal variation in liver weight in C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed a semisynthetic diet. We now characterized the spontaneous variation in liver weight and its relationship with parameters of hepatic lipid and bile acid (BA) metabolism.

An early-life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules programmes later-life postabsorptive lipid trafficking in high-fat diet- but not in low-fat diet-fed mice.

Feeding mice in early life a diet containing an experimental infant milk formula (Nuturis®; eIMF), with a lipid structure similar to human milk, transiently lowered body weight (BW) and fat mass gain upon Western-style diet later in life, when compared with mice fed diets based on control IMF (cIMF). We tested the hypothesis that early-life eIMF feeding alters the absorption or the postabsorptive trafficking of dietary lipids in later life. Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice were fed eIMF/cIMF from postnatal day 16-42, followed by low- (LFD, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93 G, 7 wt% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, D12451, 24 wt% fat) until day 63-70.

Perinatal exposure of rats to a maternal diet with varying protein quantity and quality affects the risk of overweight in female adult offspring.

The maternal protein diet during the perinatal period can program the health of adult offspring. This study in rats evaluated the effects of protein quantity and quality in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation on weight and adiposity in female offspring. Six groups of dams were fed a high-protein (HP; 47% protein) or normal-protein (NP; 19% protein) isocaloric diet during gestation () using either cow's milk (M), pea (P) or turkey (T) proteins.

A modified low-protein infant formula supports adequate growth in healthy, term infants: a randomized, double-blind, equivalence trial.

Background: A high protein intake in early life is associated with a risk of obesity later in life. The essential amino acid requirements of formula-fed infants have been reassessed recently, enabling a reduction in total protein content and thus in protein intake.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the safety of an infant formula with a modified amino acid profile and a modified low-protein (mLP) content in healthy term-born infants.

Programming effects of an early life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules are transient under continuous exposure to a high-fat diet.

Breast-feeding is associated with a lower risk of developing obesity during childhood and adulthood compared with feeding infant milk formula (IMF). Previous studies have shown that an experimental IMF (eIMF; comprising Nuturis®) programmed mouse pups for a lower body weight and fat mass gain in adulthood when challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) compared with a control IMF (cIMF). Nuturis has a lipid composition and structure more similar to breast milk.

A systematic review of the effects of increasing arachidonic acid intake on PUFA status, metabolism and health-related outcomes in humans.

We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) of increased intake of arachidonic acid (ARA) on fatty acid status and health outcomes in humans. We identified twenty-two articles from fourteen RCT. Most studies were conducted in adults.

Postprandial Amino Acid Kinetics of Milk Protein Mixtures are Affected by Composition, But Not Denaturation, in Neonatal Piglets.

Background: Multiple studies have indicated that formula-fed infants show a different growth trajectory compared with breastfed infants. The observed growth rates are suggested to be linked to higher postprandial levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and insulin related to differences in protein quality.

Objective: We evaluated the effects of milk protein denaturation and milk protein composition on postprandial plasma and hormone concentrations.

Longitudinal Variation of Amino Acid Levels in Human Milk and Their Associations with Infant Gender.

It is discussed that specific amino acids (AAs) have functional roles in early life. Understanding the AA composition in human milk (HM) during lactation assists in specifying these roles. To this end we assessed the levels of free AAs (FAAs), total AAs (free and bound, TAAs) and protein levels in HM in the first 6 months of lactation, and evaluated possible associations with infant gender.

Growth and Clinical Variables in Nitrogen-Restricted Piglets Fed an Adjusted Essential Amino Acid Mix: Effects of Free Amino Acid-Based Diets.

Background: Excess protein intake in early life has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. Yet protein, and in particular the essential amino acids (EAAs), need to be present in adequate quantity to support growth.

Objective: With the use of a piglet model restricted in dietary amino acids (AAs), we compared the efficacy and safety of a standard formula with a low-AA formula containing an adjusted AA composition.

Growth and Clinical Variables in Nitrogen-Restricted Piglets Fed an Adjusted Essential Amino Acid Mix: Effects of Partially Intact Protein-Based Diets.

Background: Current recommendations for protein levels in infant formula are intended to ensure that growth matches or exceeds growth of breastfed infants, but may provide a surplus of amino acids (AAs). Recent infant studies with AA-based formulas support specific adjustment of the essential amino acid (EAA) composition allowing for potential lowering of total protein levels. With the use of a combination of intact protein and free EAAs, we designed a formula that meets these adjusted EAA requirements for infants.

Macronutrient Composition and Food Form Affect Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans.

Glycaemic index (GI) is used as an indicator to guide consumers in making healthier food choices. We compared the GI, insulin index (II), and the area under the curve for blood glucose and insulin as glucose (GR) and insulin responses (IR) of a newly developed liquid nutritional formula with one commercially available liquid product with different types of carbohydrates. We then evaluated the glucose and insulin responses of two test foods with comparable energy density and protein percentage but presented in different food forms (liquid vs.

An Increased Dietary Supply of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Early Weaning in Rodents Prevents Excessive Fat Accumulation in Adulthood.

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are a directly and readily absorbed source of energy. Exposure early-in-life to increased MCFA levels might affect development and impact (lipid) metabolism later in life. We tested whether an increased MCFA intake early-in-life positively affects adult body composition and metabolic status when challenged by a western-style diet (WSD).

Differences in Postprandial Lipid Response to Breast- or Formula-feeding in 8-Week-Old Infants.

Objective: Lipids play important roles in infant growth and development. In this exploratory observational single-center study, we investigated postmeal responses of infants to dietary lipids and differences between breast-feeding (BF) and formula-feeding (FF).

Methods: Two capillary blood samples were collected from each subject, before and randomly assigned at either 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, or 240 minutes after their respective feeding, followed by measurement of lipid-related plasma parameter concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based or combined enzymatic and colorimetric methods.

Maternal exposure to a Western-style diet causes differences in intestinal microbiota composition and gene expression of suckling mouse pups.

Scope: The long-lasting consequences of nutritional programming during the early phase of life have become increasingly evident. The effects of maternal nutrition on the developing intestine are still underexplored.

Methods And Results: In this study, we observed (1) altered microbiota composition of the colonic luminal content, and (2) differential gene expression in the intestinal wall in 2-week-old mouse pups born from dams exposed to a Western-style (WS) diet during the perinatal period.

A novel infant milk formula concept: Mimicking the human milk fat globule structure.

Human milk (HM) provides all nutrients to support an optimal growth and development of the neonate. The composition and structure of HM lipids, the most important energy provider, have an impact on the digestion, uptake and metabolism of lipids. In HM, the lipids are present in the form of dispersed fat globules: large fat droplets enveloped by a phospholipid membrane.

Reduced linoleic acid intake in early postnatal life improves metabolic outcomes in adult rodents following a Western-style diet challenge.

The global increase in dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake has been suggested to contribute to the rise in obesity incidence. We hypothesized that reduced n-6 PUFA intake during early postnatal life improves adult body composition and metabolic phenotype upon a Western diet challenge. Male offspring of C57Bl/6j mice and Wistar rats were subjected to a control diet (CTRL; 3.

Acute and Chronic Effects of Dietary Lactose in Adult Rats Are not Explained by Residual Intestinal Lactase Activity.

Neonatal rats have a high intestinal lactase activity, which declines around weaning. Yet, the effects of lactose-containing products are often studied in adult animals. This report is on the residual, post-weaning lactase activity and on the short- and long-term effects of lactose exposure in adult rats.

Rapid and selective manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in mice through the maternal diet during lactation.

Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition in early postnatal life can modulate growth and development and later metabolic health. Investigating programming effects of early dietary FA manipulations in rodents may be stressful and complicated due to the need of artificial feeding techniques. It is largely unknown to what extent breast milk (BM) FA composition can be directly manipulated by the diet.

Dietary Marine n-3 PUFAs Do Not Affect Stress-Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity in a Rat Maternal Separation Model.

Background: Although never evaluated for efficacy, n-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are commercially offered as treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Objective: This study was designed to investigate, in a mast cell-dependent model for visceral hypersensitivity, whether this pathophysiologic mechanism can be reversed by dietary LCPUFA treatment via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) activation.

Methods: Maternally separated rats were subjected to hypersensitivity-inducing acute stress at adult age.