The reliability and validity of DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorder and relationship with plasma neurofilament light in a down syndrome population.

The validity of dementia diagnostic criteria depends on their ability to distinguish dementia symptoms from pre-existing cognitive impairments. The study aimed to assess inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of DSM-5 criteria for neurocognitive disorder in Down syndrome. The utility of mild neurocognitive disorder as a distinct diagnostic category, and the association between clinical symptoms and neurodegenerative changes represented by the plasma biomarker neurofilament light were also examined.

Cognitive decline and dementia in Down syndrome.

Purpose Of Review: Alzheimer's disease is most likely universal in older individuals with Down syndrome, due to having three copies of the amyloid precursor protein gene, resulting in amyloid-beta plaque deposition. Down syndrome is an important population in which to consider clinical trials of treatments to prevent or delay the development of dementia. However, assessment of subtler cognitive changes is challenging due to the presence of intellectual disability.

Digit ratio and autism spectrum disorders in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: a birth cohort study.

Objectives: To investigate whether second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a measure commonly used as a proxy for fetal testosterone exposure, is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as predicted by the extreme male brain theory of autism.

Design: A birth cohort study.

Setting: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

Psychiatric misdiagnoses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of doctors at diagnosing co-morbid psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

Design: Case series comparing clinical diagnoses with a standardized structured psychiatric interview.

Setting: Secondary care specialist chronic fatigue syndrome clinic.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, beta and delta gene variants: associations with obesity related phenotypes in the Leeds Family Study.

Objective: To identify novel polymorphisms in the genes encoding the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, beta and delta ( CEBPA, CEBPB, CEBPD) and investigate associations between polymorphisms and obesity-related phenotypes.

Methods: Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to screen for novel gene variants and polymorphisms were genotyped in stored DNA from participants of the Leeds Family Study (537 subjects from 89 families). Genotype and haplotype analyses were carried out in STATA and PBAT, respectively.

Severe type IV hypersensitivity to 'black henna' tattoo.

A 16-year-old Bangladeshi girl presented with a 9-day history of an extensive pruritic, erythematous, papulovesicular skin eruption to both forearms. Appearance was 5 days following application of a home-made henna preparation. Examination revealed ulceration and scabbing along the whole henna pattern and early keloid formation.