The neural instantiation of spontaneous counterfactual thought.

Many of the most interesting cognitive feats that humans perform require us to consider not just the things that but also . We often do this explicitly (e.g.

Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Insect Pathogens: Implications for Plant Reproduction.

Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, potentially altering resource allocation to plant reproduction.

Evidence for Spinozan "Unbelieving" in the Right Inferior Prefrontal Cortex.

Humans can think about possible states of the world without believing in them, an important capacity for high-level cognition. Here, we use fMRI and a novel "shell game" task to test two competing theories about the nature of belief and its neural basis. According to the Cartesian theory, information is first understood, then assessed for veracity, and ultimately encoded as either believed or not believed.

It's not what you did, it's what you could have done.

We are more likely to judge agents as morally culpable after we learn they acted freely rather than under duress or coercion. Interestingly, the reverse is also true: Individuals are more likely to be judged to have acted freely after we learn that they committed a moral violation. Researchers have argued that morality affects judgments of force by making the alternative actions the agent could have done instead appear comparatively normal, which then increases the perceived availability of relevant alternative actions.

Extortion, intuition, and the dark side of reciprocity.

Extortion occurs when one person uses some combination of threats and promises to extract an unfair share of benefits from another. Although extortion is a pervasive feature of human interaction, it has received relatively little attention in psychological research. But, we argue, extortion is structured quite similarly to far better-studied "reciprocal" social behaviors, such as conditional cooperation and retributive punishment.

Odderon Exchange from Elastic Scattering Differences between pp and pp[over ¯] Data at 1.96 TeV and from pp Forward Scattering Measurements.

We describe an analysis comparing the pp[over ¯] elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in pp collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach.

Men and women candidates are similarly persistent after losing elections.

Are women more likely to quit politics after losing their first race than men? Women's first-time candidacies skyrocketed in the wake of the 2016 presidential election. Yet we have little sense of the long-term impact of this surge in women candidates on women's representation writ large: Inexperienced candidates are more likely to lose, and women might be especially discouraged by a loss. This might make the benefits of such a surge in candidacies fleeting.

Why do children punish? Fair outcomes matter more than intent in children's second- and third-party punishment.

Humans punish fairness violations both as victims and as impartial third parties, which can maintain cooperative behavior. However, it is unknown whether similar motivations underlie punishment of unfairness in these two contexts. Here we approached this question by focusing on how both types of punishment develop in children, asking the question: What motivates young children to punish in response to fairness norm violations? We explored two potential factors: the direct experience of unfair outcomes and a partner's fair versus unfair intentions.

Systematic evaluation of suspension MDCK cells, adherent MDCK cells, and LLC-MK2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus.

Suspension Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (MDCK-N), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-C), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cells (LLC-MK2D) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. All the subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata) were successfully isolated from clinical specimens by using MDCK-N and MDCK-C, whereas LLC-MK2D did not support virus replication well. Serial passages of A(H1N1) viruses in MDCK-N and MDCK-C induced genetic mutations of HA that resulted in moderate antigenic changes in the HI test.

LMO2 activation by deacetylation is indispensable for hematopoiesis and T-ALL leukemogenesis.

Hematopoietic transcription factor LIM domain only 2 (LMO2), a member of the TAL1 transcriptional complex, plays an essential role during early hematopoiesis and is frequently activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients. Here, we demonstrate that LMO2 is activated by deacetylation on lysine 74 and 78 via the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)/sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) pathway. LMO2 deacetylation enables LMO2 to interact with LIM domain binding 1 and activate the TAL1 complex.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout enables neutrophilic maturation of primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of severe congenital neutropenia patients.

A Autosomal-dominant mutations are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia. Although the majority of congenital neutropenia patients respond to daily granulocyte colony stimulating factor, approximately 15 % do not respond to this cytokine at doses up to 50 μg/kg/day and approximately 15 % of patients will develop myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia. "Maturation arrest," the failure of the marrow myeloid progenitors to form mature neutrophils, is a consistent feature of associated congenital neutropenia.

Human iPSC-based model of severe congenital neutropenia reveals elevated UPR and DNA damage in CD34 cells preceding leukemic transformation.

We describe the establishment of an embryoid-body-based protocol for hematopoietic/myeloid differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells that allows the generation of CD34 cells or mature myeloid cells in vitro. Using this model, we were able to recapitulate the defective granulocytic differentiation in patients with severe congenital neutropenia (CN), an inherited preleukemia bone marrow failure syndrome. Importantly, in vitro maturation arrest of granulopoiesis was associated with an elevated unfolded protein response (UPR) and enhanced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21.

Measurement of the Effective Weak Mixing Angle in pp[over ¯]→Z/γ^{*}→ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} Events.

We present a measurement of the effective weak mixing angle parameter sin^{2}θ_{eff}^{ℓ} in pp[over ¯]→Z/γ^{*}→μ^{+}μ^{-} events at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV, collected by the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider and corresponding to 8.6  fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity.

Combined Forward-Backward Asymmetry Measurements in Top-Antitop Quark Production at the Tevatron.

The CDF and D0 experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron have measured the asymmetry between yields of forward- and backward-produced top and antitop quarks based on their rapidity difference and the asymmetry between their decay leptons. These measurements use the full data sets collected in proton-antiproton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=1.96  TeV.

Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with differences in moral judgment.

Moral judgments are produced through the coordinated interaction of multiple neural systems, each of which relies on a characteristic set of neurotransmitters. Genes that produce or regulate these neurotransmitters may have distinctive influences on moral judgment. Two studies examined potential genetic influences on moral judgment using dilemmas that reliably elicit competing automatic and controlled responses, generated by dissociable neural systems.

Evidence for a B_{s}^{0}π^{±} State.

We report evidence for a narrow structure, X(5568), in the decay sequence X(5568)→B_{s}^{0}π^{±}, B_{s}^{0}→J/ψϕ, J/ψ→μ^{+}μ^{-}, ϕ→K^{+}K^{-}. This is evidence for the first instance of a hadronic state with valence quarks of four different flavors. The mass and natural width of this state are measured to be m=5567.

Evidence for Simultaneous Production of J/ψ and ϒ Mesons.

We report evidence for the simultaneous production of J/ψ and ϒ mesons in 8.1  fb^{-1} of data collected at sqrt[s]=1.96  TeV by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab pp[over ¯] Tevatron Collider.

Jet energy measurement and its systematic uncertainty in proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text] TeV with the ATLAS detector.

The jet energy scale (JES) and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector using proton-proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of [Formula: see text] TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. Jets are reconstructed from energy deposits forming topological clusters of calorimeter cells using the anti-[Formula: see text] algorithm with distance parameters [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and are calibrated using MC simulations. A residual JES correction is applied to account for differences between data and MC simulations.

Inclusive Production of the X(4140) State in pp[over ¯] Collisions at D0.

We present a study of the inclusive production of the X(4140) state with the decay to the J/ψϕ final state in hadronic collisions. Based on 10.4  fb^{-1} of pp[over ¯] collision data collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider, we report the first evidence for the prompt production of an X(4140) state and find the fraction of X(4140) events originating from b hadrons to be f_{b}=0.

Search for Violation of CPT and Lorentz Invariance in Bs(0) Meson Oscillations.

We present the first search for CPT-violating effects in the mixing of Bs(0) mesons using the full Run II data set with an integrated luminosity of 10.4  fb(-1) of proton-antiproton collisions collected using the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. We measure the CPT-violating asymmetry in the decay Bs(0)→μ(±)Ds(±) as a function of celestial direction and sidereal phase.

Measurement of the Effective Weak Mixing Angle in pp[over ¯]→Z/γ^{*}→e^{+}e^{-} Events.

We present a measurement of the fundamental parameter of the standard model, the weak mixing angle sin^{2}θ_{eff}^{ℓ} which determines the relative strength of weak and electromagnetic interactions, in pp[over ¯]→Z/γ^{*}→e^{+}e^{-} events at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV, using data corresponding to 9.7 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity collected by the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron.