Determinants of Self-Medication in Immigrants: A Systematic Review.

Immigrants intended to more rely on self-medication because of the difficulty of accessing formal healthcare in host countries. Negative consequences could occur when self-medication was inappropriate. This study aimed to systematically explore the prevalence, sources and determinants of immigrants' self-medication and the extent of their inappropriate self-medication episodes.

The approach of Norm Balance in predicting pharmacists' intention to collaborate with physicians to improve medication therapy.

Objective: Norm Balance is an approach under the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) where subjective norm is weighted by the relative importance of others and self-identity is weighted by the relative importance of self. The relative importance was measured previously by a trade-off measure. In this study, we developed separate measures for the relative importance.

Driving factors of community pharmacist weight management service: A structural equation modeling approach.

Background: Even though the effectiveness of community pharmacists in helping customers to reduce weight has been evident, few pharmacists provided weight management services (WMS). To drive community pharmacist WMS provision, factors affecting their intention and WMS provision were important to be investigated.

Objective: The present study aimed to explore relationships among pharmacist authority, perceived customer obstruction, WMS performance support, obstacles, and facilitators with intention to provide WMS and WMS rovision using structural equation modeling (WMS.

A systematic review of community pharmacist practices in complementary medicine.

Background: The people who use complementary medicines (CMs) believe that these medicines are safe and harmless. They could easily access CMs like herbal or traditional medicines in community pharmacies. Therefore, community pharmacists are important professionals in advising the safe choices of CMs and providing evidence-based information for customers to decrease adverse effects of CMs.

A systematic review on pharmacists' turnover and turnover intention.

Background: Turnover is an important issue in all healthcare professions including pharmacy practice settings. A high turnover rate of pharmacists, not only has negative financial impact, but also reduces quality of care and patient safety. The high turnover also increases workload and job stress which can increase job errors and decrease job efficiency and performance in pharmacy practices.

What drives pharmacists' turnover intention: A systematic review.

Background: Pharmacist turnover can negatively impact not only on work efficiency, organizational performance, work productivity and customer satisfaction, but also on the quality of pharmaceutical services and patient safety. Turnover intention is a core antecedent of turnover. Turnover intention of the pharmacists is affected by many factors related to their organization or job.

Consumers' adverse drug event reporting via community pharmacists: three stakeholder perception.

Background: Adverse drug event (ADE) reporting is a significant process to increase consumer care and consumer safety associated with the use of medicines. An in-depth investigation into low ADE reporting by consumers and community pharmacists was undertaken to uncover interventions to improve reporting.

Method: In-depth interviewing of the three parties; consumers, pharmacists and employees of the Pharmacovigilance Center in Thailand, was used to collect the data.

Factors influencing patient intention to report adverse drug reaction to community pharmacists: A structural equation modeling approach.

Background: Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is the main problem of spontaneous ADR reporting systems, especially reporting from community pharmacists. However, community pharmacists cannot report ADRs if patients do not report them.

Objective: To investigate factors that can influence patients' intention to report ADRs to community pharmacists and to develop a structural model of influencing factors to report ADRs from patients.

Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population using health belief model.

Rationale, Aims And Objectives: Little is known about hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccines. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the perceptions of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the general population regarding the COVID-19 vaccines, (2) to evaluate factors influencing the acceptance of vaccination using the health belief model (HBM), and (3) to qualitatively explore the suggested intervention strategies to promote the vaccination.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on electronic survey data that was collected in Iraq during December first-19th, 2020.

Evaluating the use of informational technologies by students of healthcare colleges for academic purposes over a five-year period.

This study aimed to assess the extent to which healthcare students use five informational technologies for daily academic purposes and to examine the changes in student perceptions toward these technologies over five years. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in 10 different colleges in seven governorates. We conducted a survey using the instruments developed from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).

Exploring Electronic Communication Modes Between Iraqi Faculty and Students of Pharmacy Schools Using the Technology Acceptance Model.

To explore for the first time the extent to which Iraqi pharmacy students and faculty use Facebook and university email for academic communications, and to examine factors influencing utilization within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). An electronic survey was administered to convenience samples of students and faculty of six Iraqi public schools and colleges of pharmacy in 2015. Responses included 489 student and 128 faculty usable surveys.

Evaluation of instruments to assess health literacy in Arabic language among Iraqis.

Background: Low health literacy is associated with lack of medical information, less use of preventive measures, low medication adherence rates, high health care costs and high risk of hospitalization.

Objective: The aims were to compare the results of the three health literacy tests, to measure for the first time the health literacy level of Iraqis, to describe the use of standardized health literacy tests, to evaluate reliability and validity of the Arabic versions of these tests, and to investigate whether there is relationship between the participant characteristics and the health literacy level.

Methods: A convenience sample of 95 subjects was studied in five community pharmacies in Al-Najaf and Babylon governorates, Iraq.

Development of a medication monitoring attitude measure using a mixed methods item development process.

Objectives: Medication monitoring is important for safe and effective medication use; however, no attitudinal measure exists for a health care provider's medication monitoring attitude. The objectives of this study were to (1) create a measure of a community pharmacist medication monitoring attitude; (2) test concurrent validity using a validated measure of medication monitoring behaviours; and (3) report community pharmacist attitudes towards medication monitoring.

Methods: A mixed methods item development process was employed to generate Likert-type items from qualitative interviews.

A qualitative investigation of protégé expectations and proposition of an evaluation model for formal mentoring in pharmacy education.

Background: Student pharmacist mentoring programs have gained attention from colleges of pharmacy as a way to enhance the student experience. However, no evaluative models have been proposed or theoretical explanations described for use in improving formal mentoring programs in pharmacy or for guiding the construction of a literature base.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate student expectations and preferences for formal mentoring programs and propose a model for evaluating formal mentoring programs in pharmacy education.

AACP strategy for addressing the professional development needs of department chairs.

Objectives: Characterize the skills and abilities required for department chairs, identify development needs, and then create AACP professional development programs for chairs.

Methods: A 30-question electronic survey was sent to AACP member department chairs related to aspects of chairing an academic department.

Results: The survey identified development needs in the leadership, management, and personal abilities required for effective performance as department chair.

Multi-institutional study of women and underrepresented minority faculty members in academic pharmacy.

Objectives: To examine trends in the numbers of women and underrepresented minority (URM) pharmacy faculty members over the last 20 years, and determine factors influencing women faculty members' pursuit and retention of an academic pharmacy career.

Methods: Twenty-year trends in women and URM pharmacy faculty representation were examined. Women faculty members from 9 public colleges and schools of pharmacy were surveyed regarding demographics, job satisfaction, and their academic pharmacy career, and relationships between demographics and satisfaction were analyzed.

Medication use as evidence for pharmacotherapeutics curriculum content.

Objective: To analyze the most common active ingredients in ambulatory prescription and nonprescription products to provide evidence for contemporary pharmacotherapeutics curricula development.

Methods: Content analysis was performed to code commonly dispensed prescription ingredients into American Hospital Formulary Service Pharmacologic-Therapeutic categories and commonly sold nonprescription products into self-care categories. This study used data from Drug Topics' 2007 "top 200" lists.

VA QUERI informatics paper: information technology for clinical guideline implementation: perceptions of multidisciplinary stakeholders.

Objective: This multisite study compared the perceptions of three stakeholder groups regarding information technologies as barriers to and facilitators of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).

Design: The study settings were 18 U.S.

What factors influence provider knowledge of a congestive heart failure guideline in a national health care system?

Provider knowledge is a potential barrier to adherence to clinical guidelines. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of organizational, provider, and guideline factors on provider knowledge of a congestive heart failure (CHF) clinical practice guideline (CPG) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health care system. We developed a survey to investigate institution-level factors influencing the effectiveness of guideline implementation, including characteristics of the guideline, providers, hospital culture and structure, and regional network.

Assessing and managing acute pain in older adults: a research base to guide practice.

Older adults experiencing acute pain are often underassessed and undertreated. This review summarizes recommendations from an evidence-based practice guideline on acute pain management in older adults. Key areas highlighted are pain assessment and monitoring, patient education, pharmacologic management, and nonpharmacologic management.

Organizational predictors of adherence to ambulatory care screening guidelines.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify hospital organizational characteristics consistently associated with adherence to multiple clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). We examined the relationship between organizational and patient population characteristics and adherence to three screening CPGs implemented throughout the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).

Materials And Methods: The study included 114 acute care facilities.

Third party bargaining and contract terms: a link over time?

Objective: To evaluate whether prior pharmacy bargaining process strategies and pharmacy dependence on third parties affect the bargaining power of pharmacies in price negotiations with third parties.

Design: One-time survey.

Setting: Random sample of 900 independent and small chain pharmacies in nine states: Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.