Moderate evidence for the sex-dependent effect of poisoning on adult survival in a long-lived raptor species.

Survival rate is usually the greatest contributor to population growth in long-lived species, and its accurate estimation along with the evaluation of the factors influencing it is therefore essential for effective conservation. Here, we studied the survival of breeding eastern imperial eagles in Hungary between 2011 and 2022 and investigated the effect of poisoning, the leading known anthropogenic cause of mortality. We used the Cormack-Jolly-Seber mark-recapture model to estimate annual apparent survival and encounter probabilities based on the capture histories of 208 males and 411 females.