Legal and ethical responsibilities of physicians in coercive situations, such as natural disasters.

Background: The relationship between the physician and the patient is based on the provisions of the proxy agreement. The attitude of the physician and the legal and ethical responsibilities of this attitude in an event of force majeure, such as severe natural disaster (earthquake), during a risky operation should be discussed. The aim of the present study was to present the opinions of the related professions about the subject and to discuss the subject on an ethical and legal ground.

Catabolic cytokine expressions in patients with degenerative disc disease.

Aim: Lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a common disease of advanced age characterized by progressive changes in the intervertebral disc and associated structures. There have been great efforts for years to explain its pathophysiological mechanism(s). This study aims to provide cytokine profile and in addition to the lymphocytes in a population of patients with lumbar DDD.

Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the suprasellar parachiasmatic cisterns: anatomic study.

Objective: The objective of this study is to recognize the available endoscopic routes during approaches to the suprasellar region and the surgical endoscopic anatomy of the related neurovascular structures.

Material And Methods: Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the suprasellar region (EEASR) through the planum sphenoidale was performed in five fresh adult cadavers. The anatomic characteristics of the suprasellar parachiasmatic cisterns were studied and documented following the resection of the planum sphenoidale and opening the dura to expose the anterior incisural space.

Endoscopic endonasal anatomy and approaches to the anterior skull base: a neurosurgeon's viewpoint.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to review the endoscopic anatomy of the anterior skull base, defining the pitfalls of endoscopic endonasal approaches to this region. Recently, these approaches are gaining popularity among neurosurgeons, and the details of the endoscopic anatomy and approaches are highlighted from the neurosurgeons' point of view, correlated with demonstrative cases.

Materials And Methods: Twelve fresh adult cadavers were studied (n = 12).

The expression of astroglial glutamate transporters in patients with focal cortical dysplasia: an immunohistochemical study.

Purpose: An abnormal increase in the extracellular glutamate is thought to play a crucial role in the initiation, spread, and maintenance of seizure activity.In normal conditions, the majority of this excess glutamate is cleared via glial glutamate transporters (EAAT-1 and EAAT-2). We aimed to examine the immunohistochemical expression of these transporters in the dysplastic tissues of patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).

Endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbital apex and medial orbital wall: anatomic study and clinical applications.

Objective: The objective of this study was to recognize the endoscopic anatomy of the orbital apex and medial orbital wall to understand the pure endoscopic endonasal approaches to this region and their clinical applications. These basic information will facilitate our surgical procedures and decrease the rate of surgical complications.

Material And Methods: Five fresh adult cadavers were studied bilaterally (N = 10).