The multistressor effect of pH reduction, microplastic and lanthanum on sea urchin Arbacia lixula.

pH reduction (Low pH), microplastic (MP), and lanthanum (La) are substantial stressors due to their increasing trends in marine ecosystems and having adverse effects on marine species. This study investigates the single and combined effects of those stressors (Low pH: 7.45, polyethylene MP: 26 μg L, and La: 9 μg L) on the physiology and histology of sea urchin Arbacia lixula.

Physiological and gene expression responses of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to low pH and low dissolved oxygen.

The prevalence and frequency of hypoxia events have increased worldwide over the past decade as a consequence of global climate change and coastal biological oxygen depletions. On the other hand, anthropogenic emissions of CO and consequent accumulation in the sea surface result in a perturbation of the seawater carbonate system, including a decrease in pH, known as ocean acidification. While the effect of decreases in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is better understood, their combined effects are still poorly resolved.