Investigating the Suitability of Mare's Milk-Derived Exosomes as Potential Drug Carriers.

Exosomes are cell-derived, membrane-surrounded particles that deliver bioactive molecules to various cells. Due to their small size, low immunogenicity, extended blood circulation, and involvement in cellular communication, they hold potential as effective drug carriers. Exosomes are present in various biological fluids, including mare's milk, a traditional drink in Central Asia.

Risk Factors for Primary Pulmonary TB in Almaty Region, Kazakhstan: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Background: This study examined the association between incident pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and social and behavioral characteristics in Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013.

Methods: We used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring pulmonary TB. Totally 324 individuals were recruited from Sep 2012 to Mar 2013.

Red blood cell ghosts as promising drug carriers to target wound infections.

Autologous red blood cell ghosts (RBC ghosts) can carry cytokines to the sites of inflammation. The targeting moiety of the RBC ghosts is associated with the nature of purulent inflammation, where the erythrocytes are phagocyted and encapsulated drugs are released. In the present study we have investigated the healing potential of RBC ghosts loaded with cytokine IL-1β and antibiotic.

Proteomic analysis of cellular response induced by boron neutron capture reaction in human squamous cell carcinoma SAS cells.

To understand the mechanism of cell death induced by boron neutron capture reaction (BNCR), we performed proteome analyses of human squamous tumor SAS cells after BNCR. Cells were irradiated with thermal neutron beam at KUR after incubation under boronophenylalanine (BPA)(+) and BPA(-) conditions. BNCR mainly induced typical apoptosis in SAS cells 24h post-irradiation.

Tuberculosis report among injection drug users and their partners in Kazakhstan.

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to global public health. Kazakhstan has the second highest percentage of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases among incident tuberculosis cases in the world (WHO 2013). A high burden of MDR-TB suggests TB prevention, control, and treatment programs are failing.

Pharmacokinetic Properties of Cytokines in Their Targeted Delivery Based on Autologous Erythrocyte Pharmacocytes.

Introduction: Using autologous erythrocytes as drug carriers for targeted delivery of cytokines to the sites of inflammation could potentially provide new opportunities for treatment of patients with purulent diseases. The targeted characteristic of erythrocytes is associated with the nature of purulent inflammation, where a large amount of erythrocytes is phagocytized and drugs encapsulated into the erythrocytes could be easily released. On the other hand, autologous erythrocytes meet all the criteria for the ideal drug carrier.

Histological and biochemical analysis of DNA damage after BNCT in rat model.

To understand the mechanism of tumor cell death induced by boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and to optimize BNCT condition, we used rat tumor graft models and histological and biochemical analyses were carried out focusing on DNA damage response. Rat lymphosarcoma cells were grafted subcutaneously into male Wister rats. The rats with developed tumors were then treated with neutron beam irradiation 45min after injection of 330mg/kg bodyweight boronophenylalanine ((10)BPA) (+BPA) or saline control (-BPA).

Biopharmaceutical characteristics of autologous red blood cells ghosts containing cytokines and antibiotics.

Introduction: Transport systems based on autologous red blood cells for targeted drug delivery can be considered as a promising approach in the treatment of surgical infections. Experimental studies have revealed the feasibility of targeted drug delivery by encapsulation of cytokines and antibiotics into autologous erythrocyte ghosts.

Purpose: To study biopharmaceutical characteristics of autologous erythrocyte ghosts containing cytokines and antibiotics (pharmacocytes).

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in the Kazakh Population in Almaty and Almaty Area.

Introduction: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an important role in activating the immune response against various infectious agents. It is known that the active metabolite of ligand receptor Vitamin D (1,25 - dihydroxyvitamin D) is encoded by VDR and helps mononuclear phagocytes to suppress the intracellular growth of . The VDR gene harbors approximately 200 polymorphisms, some of which are linked to differences in receptor Vitamin D uptake and therefore can be considered as candidate disease risk variants.