[A role of long noncoding RNAs in carcinogenesis].

The review describes the changes observed in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) content and function at various stages of carcinogenesis, as well as the prospects of lncRNA application in cancer prognosis.

[Methods of protein immunoanalysis].

This review describes current methods of protein immunoanalysis: radioimmunoanalysis, ELISA, immuno-PCR, electrochemical analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation, as well as main areas of their application.

Altered expression of multiple genes involved in retinoic acid biosynthesis in human colorectal cancer.

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the oxidized form of vitamin A (retinol), regulates a wide variety of biological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Multiple alcohol, retinol and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (ADHs, RDHs, RALDHs) as well as aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze atRA production. The reduced atRA biosynthesis has been observed in several human tumors, including colorectal cancer.

[A new immuno-PCR format for serological diagnosis of colon cancer].

Anew immuno-PCR format is described that is based on detection of membrane protein CDH17 in serum exosomes. Format application allows distinction between sera samples of healthy donors and colon cancer patients. Obtained results open a possibility of serological colon cancer diagnosis in high risk groups.

Expression of cyclophilin A in gastric adenocarcinoma patients and its inverse association with local relapses and distant metastasis.

The aim of this study was to identify new protein markers of the intestinal and diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma and to determine their relation to local relapses and distant metastasis. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we searched for proteins that are overexpressed in the intestinal and/or diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma, as compared to matched normal mucosa samples with further change confirmation by Western blot. Expression of the selected proteins was further assessed by immunohistocemistry in a large panel of gastric adenocarcinoma with various clinicopathological features.

[The role of exosomes and microvesicles in carcinogenesis].

This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of tumor exosomes and microvesicles in progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis of tumors, as well as in suppression of adaptive and innate immunity.

[Expression of genes involved in retinoic acid biosynthesis in human gastric cancer].

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is the main biologically active metabolite of retinol (vitamin A) that is required for the regulation of such processes as embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, proliferation, and others. Multiple alcohol, retinol and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (ADHs, RDHs and RALDHs) as well as aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the biosynthesis of retinoic acid in humans. For many normal and neoplastic tissues, the key ATRA-synthesizing enzymes remain unknown.

[Enteric alpha defensin 5 is secreted into the blood stream by colon tumors].

It was demonstrated that enteric alpha-defensin 5 is undetectable in five blood serum samples of healthy donors, whereas its processed form is present in two out of five serum samples of colon cancer patients. Obtained results open a possibility of serological diagnosis of colon tumors in high risk cancer patients.

[Serological diagnosis of tumors: methods of marker's search].

This review describes the most popular methods of search for serological markers of tumors that are used in clinical setting, provided with comparison of their efficiency.

Search for potential gastric cancer markers using miRNA databases and gene expression analysis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify genes that are differentially expressed in gastric tumors and to analyze the association of their expression level with tumor clinicopathologic features.

Methods: In the present research, we used bioinformatic-driven search to identify miRNA that are down-regulated in gastric tumors and to find their potential targets. Then, the expression levels of some of the target mRNAs were investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.

[A new construct of dna reporter for immuno-PCR].

A new construct of DNA reporter has been designed for protein quantification by immuno-PCR. It has been shown that amplification efficiency of a reporter that contains a fragment of human adenovirus 2 flanked by homoprimer sequences is much higher vs. standard PCR format based on use of two different primers.

[Structure and function of enteric alpha defensins in norm and pathology].

This review summarizes currently available data on enteric alpha defensins structure, their functions in the innate and adaptive immunity systems and the role in development of intestinal illnesses.

Enteric alpha defensins in norm and pathology.

Microbes living in the mammalian gut exist in constant contact with immunity system that prevents infection and maintains homeostasis. Enteric alpha defensins play an important role in regulation of bacterial colonization of the gut, as well as in activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of the adaptive immune system cells in lamina propria. This review summarizes currently available data on functions of mammalian enteric alpha defensins in the immune defense and changes in their secretion in intestinal inflammatory diseases and cancer.

[Identification of proteins overexpressed in malignant gastric tumors: comparison of the results of 2-De and bioinformatics search].

Comparison of protein expression in intestinal and diffuse stomach tumors by 2D gel electrophoresis led to identification of three proteins (SOD2, S100A6, and TXN), which are overexpressed in tumors as compared to normal controls. It was shown, that overexpression of proteins SOD2 and TXN occurs much more frequently in diffuse tumors than in intestinal ones. A control panel of eleven proteins overexpressed in stomach tumors has been selected based on the data of comparative 2D analysis described in the literature.

[Identification of protein markers for serum diagnosis of cancer based on microRNA expression profiling].

A new algorithm has been developed for bioinformatics search of putative serum markers of cancer, which includes: 1) identification of microRNAs that are most often and most significantly overexpressed in tumors; 2) selection of mRNA targets regulated by microRNAs; 3) identification of mRNA targets encoding secreted proteins; 4) comparative analysis of mRNA transcription levels in normal and tumor tissues. Application of the algorithm led to discovery of seven putative serum markers of colon cancer: ADAMTS14, ANGPT2, CCL7, DEFA5, MMP11, MMP14, and PLAU. Experiments demonstrated that production of two out of seven proteins (MMP14 and DEFA5) is significantly increased in colon tumors vs.

Identification of proteins overexpressed in papillary thyroid tumors.

A modified method of proteome comparative analysis based on preliminary removal of cell structural proteins by extraction using salt buffer and subsequent separation of extracts by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was developed. Identification of differentially expressed proteins by mass spectrometry has revealed three proteins with noticeably increased level of synthesis in most samples of papillary thyroid tumors compared to normal tissues. An increase in ubiquitin content was found for the first time.

[Comparison of 2D analysis and bioinformatics search efficiency for colon cancer marker identification].

Modification of 2D analysis protocol was developed, based on preliminary removal of major cellular proteins by extraction with buffer saline and elimination of high molecular weight proteins by gel filtration. This approach allowed identification of 12 proteins with increased expression levels in tumors versus normal tissues. Increase in expression levels of the eight proteins in colon tumors was discovered for the first time.

[Downregulation of AKR1B10 gene expression in colorectal cancer].

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. In our work changes of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 gene expression levels in colorectal tumors were studied. Their potential diagnostic value was previously shown for several other cancer types.

[Proteomic expression analysis of human colorectal cancer: of soluble overexpressed proteins].

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in developed countries due to the absence of tumor specific markers for early diagnosis of the disease, providing adequate sensitivity. Search for diagnostic markers of various types of cancer by proteomic approaches has been limited by large differences in protein centration. We used preliminary extraction of major cellular proteins by 0.

[Colorectal cancer 2D-proteomics: identification of altered protein expression].

Modern proteomic techniques make it possible to identify numerous changes in protein expression in tumor in comparison to normal tissues. Despite the wide application of proteomics in current studies, identification of proteins with stable concentration differences in normal and cancer cells remains rather difficult. The current study was directed to the search of new potential protein colorectal cancer markers using comparative proteomics of protein extracts obtained from primary tumors and adjacent normal tissues.

[Mapping of Rpn4p regions responsible for transcriptional activation of proteasome genes].

Rpn4p is positive and negative transcriptional regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. At the same time, it is the extremely short-lived proteasome-associated protein and the proteasome substrate. Proteasome-dependent mechanisms of Rpn4p degradation is studied in details, but mechanisms of its action are not clear, and, first of all, functional domains is not defined.

Intra-nuclear trafficking of the BLM helicase to DNA damage-induced foci is regulated by SUMO modification.

The Bloom syndrome gene, BLM, encodes a RecQ DNA helicase that when absent from the cell results in genomic instability and cancer predisposition. We show here that BLM is a substrate for small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification, with lysines at K317, K331, K334 and K347 being preferred sites of modification. Unlike normal BLM, a double mutant BLM protein with lysine to arginine substitutions at residues 317 and 331 was not modified by SUMO, and it failed to localize efficiently to the PML nuclear bodies.

Functional link between BLM defective in Bloom's syndrome and the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein, ATM.

Chromosome aberrations, genomic instability, and cancer predisposition are hallmarks of a number of syndromes in which the defective genes recognize and/or repair DNA damage or are involved in some aspect of DNA processing. We report here direct interaction between BLM, mutated in Bloom's Syndrome (BS), and ATM, mutated is ataxia-telangiectasia, and we have mapped the sites of interaction. Full-length BLM cDNA corrected sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and radiosensitivity in BS cells.

Evidence for BLM and Topoisomerase IIIalpha interaction in genomic stability.

The genomic instability of persons with Bloom's syndrome (BS) features particularly an increased number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). The primary cause of the genomic instability is mutation at BLM, which encodes a DNA helicase of the RecQ family. BLM interacts with Topoisomerase IIIalpha (Topo IIIalpha), and both BLM and Topo IIIalpha localize to the nuclear organelles referred to as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies.

Functional interaction of p53 and BLM DNA helicase in apoptosis.

The Bloom syndrome (BS) protein, BLM, is a member of the RecQ DNA helicase family that also includes the Werner syndrome protein, WRN. Inherited mutations in these proteins are associated with cancer predisposition of these patients. We recently discovered that cells from Werner syndrome patients displayed a deficiency in p53-mediated apoptosis and WRN binds to p53.