A qPCR Assay for the Quantification of the Overwintering Chasmothecia of in Grapevine Bark.

Powdery mildew (PM) disease causes serious losses in Mediterranean vineyards, where suitable environmental conditions promote conidial infections. The frequency and intensity of these infections are directly linked to the amount of primary inoculum, i.e.

Evaluation of electrolyzed water to control fungal trunk pathogens in grapevine nurseries.

Background: Grapevine producers demand solutions to control fungal trunk pathogens (FTPs) in nurseries. Adopting integrated strategies combining several control methods has been indicated as the best approach to prevent or reduce infections on grapevine propagation material. In recent years, electrolyzed water (EW) has emerged as a sustainable alternative for disinfection.

Effect of Temperature on the Development of Fruiting Bodies of and on Grapevine Cuttings In Vitro and Survival of Both Pathogens in Vineyards.

In this study, isolates of and , fungal pathogens associated with Petri and esca diseases of grapevine, were used to determine the effect of temperature on the development of their fruiting bodies in vitro. Perithecia of and pycnidia of were induced at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C on pieces of 1-year-old grapevine cuttings of 110 Richter rootstock, which were incubated for 45 days under continuous white light. Both species were able to produce abundant fruiting bodies at temperatures ranging from 15 to 25°C, but produced more perithecia at 25°C and produced more pycnidia at 20°C.

Evaluating Treatments for the Protection of Grapevine Pruning Wounds from Natural Infection by Trunk Disease Fungi.

Infection of grapevines by fungal pathogens causing grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) primarily arises from annual pruning wounds made during the dormant season. While various studies have showcased the efficacy of products in shielding pruning wounds against GTD infections, most of these investigations hinge on artificial pathogen inoculations, which may not faithfully mirror real field conditions. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various liquid formulation fungicides (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) and paste treatments, as well as biological control agents (BCA: SC1, I-1237, and ICC012 + ICC080), for their potential to prevent natural infection of grapevine pruning wounds by trunk disease fungi in two field trials located in Samaniego (Northern Spain) and Madiran (Southern France) over three growing seasons.

First Report of Shoot Blight of Grapevine Caused by in Illes Balears, Mallorca, Spain.

In 2021, grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Callet growing in a commercial vineyard located at Pollença (northeast of the island of Majorca, Spain) showed severe symptoms of shoot blight during spring and early summer, with an incidence of 70%.

Genetic Diversity of in Ecosystems in Northern Spain.

is one of the most damaging species affecting plantations in Spain. Favourable climatic conditions and unknown endogenous factors of the pathogen and host led to a situation of high incidence and severity of the disease in these ecosystems. With the main aim of understanding the factors intrinsic to this pathogenic species, a study of the population structure in new established plantations with respect to older plantations was implemented.

Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Population Structure of Spanish Infecting Pine Stands.

is an introduced fungal pathogen extended to the northern regions of Spain that causes Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease. In this work, we analyzed the pathogen's genetic diversity to study changes over time and space since the first outbreak occurred in Spain. Using six polymorphic SSR markers, 15 MLGs were identified in 66 isolates, and only three haplotypes were found with frequencies higher than one.

Memory function performance in individuals classified as overweight, obese, and normal weight.

Evidence accumulated to date about the relationship between cognitive impairments and adults who are overweight and obese suggests that excess weight has a great impact on memory function. Nevertheless, most of the literature has focused only on studying the influences on working memory and episodic memory. This study aimed to examine the potential associations of clinical and anthropometric measures [body mass index (BMI), WHR, body fat, visceral fat, muscle mass, and hypertension] with six memory domains, including contextual memory, short-term visual memory, short-term memory, non-verbal memory, short-term phonological memory, and working memory, in a sample of 124 individuals classified as overweight ( = 33), obese ( = 53), and normal weight ( = 38).

Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems.

Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease.

Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to and .

Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, and are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to in commercial rootstocks.

The Role of BMI, Body Fat Mass and Visceral Fat in Executive Function in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity.

Evidence accumulated to date suggests that excess weight in the adult population is associated with a wide range of impairments in executive function. However, most studies have only examined the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the cognitive function of individuals with overweight and obesity. This study examined the potential associations of markers of adiposity (BMI, body fat, and visceral fat) with five domains of executive function including cognitive flexibility, inhibition, monitoring, planning, and working memory in a sample of 87 adult with overweight ( = 34) and obesity ( = 53).

Evaluation of Sown Cover Crops and Spontaneous Weed Flora as a Potential Reservoir of Black-Foot Pathogens in Organic Viticulture.

(1) Background. An extensive survey of grapevine-sown cover crops and spontaneous weed flora was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in organic vineyards in six European countries (France, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland). Our main objective was to detect and identify the presence of -like asexual morphs species associated with black-foot disease on their roots.

Herbicidal Activity of (L.) Cav. Essential Oil.

The bioherbicidal potential of (L.) Cav. essential oil (EO) and its main compound carvacrol was investigated.

Temporal Dispersal Patterns of , Causal Agent of Petri Disease and Esca, in Vineyards.

Although the fungus is the most commonly detected causal agent of Petri disease and esca, two important fungal grapevine trunk diseases, little is known about the dispersal patterns of inoculum. In this work, we studied the dispersal of airborne inoculum from 2016 to 2018 in two viticultural areas of eastern (Ontinyent) and northern (Logroño) Spain. The vineyards were monitored weekly from November to April using microscope slide traps, and was detected and quantified by a specific real-time quantitative (qPCR) method set up in this work.

Droplet Digital PCR Technology for Detection of from Grapevine Environmental Samples.

Black-foot disease is one of the most important soilborne diseases affecting planting material in grapevine nurseries and young vineyards. Accurate, early, and specific detection and quantification of black-foot disease causing fungi are essential to alert growers and nurseries to the presence of the pathogens in soil, and to prevent the spread of these pathogens through grapevines using certified pathogen-free planting material and development of resistance. We comparatively assessed the accuracy, efficiency, and specificity of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques for the detection and quantification of in bulk and rhizosphere soils, as well as grapevine endorhizosphere.

Evaluation of long-term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against fungal grapevine trunk pathogens.

Background: Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent a threat to viticulture, being responsible for important economic losses worldwide. Nursery and vineyard experiments were set up to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 to reduce infections of GTD pathogens in grapevine planting material during the propagation process and to assess the long-term protection provided by this biocontrol agent on grapevine plants in young vineyards during two growing seasons.

Results: Reductions of some GTD pathogen incidence and severity were found on grapevine propagation material after nursery application of T.

The Fungal and Bacterial Rhizosphere Microbiome Associated With Grapevine Rootstock Genotypes in Mature and Young Vineyards.

The microbiota colonizing the rhizosphere and the endorhizosphere contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration, and phytoremediation. Several studies suggested that different plants types and even genotypes of the same plant species harbor partially different microbiomes. Here, we characterize the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal microbiota across five grapevine rootstock genotypes cultivated in the same soil at two vineyards and sampling dates over 2 years by 16S rRNA gene and ITS high-throughput amplicon sequencing.

Transferability of PCR-based diagnostic protocols: An international collaborative case study assessing protocols targeting the quarantine pine pathogen Fusarium circinatum.

Fusarium circinatum is a harmful pathogenic fungus mostly attacking Pinus species and also Pseudotsuga menziesii, causing cankers in trees of all ages, damping-off in seedlings, and mortality in cuttings and mother plants for clonal production. This fungus is listed as a quarantine pest in several parts of the world and the trade of potentially contaminated pine material such as cuttings, seedlings or seeds is restricted in order to prevent its spread to disease-free areas. Inspection of plant material often relies on DNA testing and several conventional or real-time PCR based tests targeting F.

Characterization of Mycosphaerellaceae species associated with citrus greasy spot in Panama and Spain.

Greasy spot of citrus, caused by Zasmidium citri-griseum (= Mycosphaerella citri), is widely distributed in the Caribbean Basin, inducing leaf spots, premature defoliation, and yield loss. Greasy spot-like symptoms were frequently observed in humid citrus-growing regions in Panama as well as in semi-arid areas in Spain, but disease aetiology was unknown. Citrus-growing areas in Panama and Spain were surveyed and isolates of Mycosphaerellaceae were obtained from citrus greasy spot lesions.

First Report of Calosphaeria pulchella Causing Canker and Branch Dieback of Sweet Cherry Trees in Spain.

In autumn 2012, severe branch cankers and diebacks of sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) were observed in orchards located in two different growing areas in Alicante Province (eastern Spain). In affected trees, leaves become dried without defoliation.

First Report of Alternaria Black Spot of Pomegranate Caused by Alternaria alternata in Spain.

Since 2010, a new foliar and fruit disease was observed in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) orchards in Alicante Province (eastern Spain). Symptoms included black spots on leaves and fruits, as well as chlorosis and premature abscission of leaves.

Complex molecular relationship between vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in Verticillium dahliae: VCGs do not always align with clonal lineages.

Verticillium wilts caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae are among the most challenging diseases to control. Populations of this pathogen have been traditionally studied by means of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) under the assumption that VCGs comprise genetically related isolates that correlate with clonal lineages. We aimed to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among VCGs and their subgroups based on sequences of the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA and six anonymous polymorphic sequences containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (VdSNPs).

Evidence for multiple introductions and clonality in Spanish populations of Fusarium circinatum.

Fusarium circinatum is thought to have been moved around the world with pine planting stock consisting, most probably, of infected seed. In this effort, we investigate the genetic structure of F. circinatum in Spain and globally.

First Report of Sirosporium celtidis Causing a Foliar Disease of European Hackberry in Spain.

Hackberry (Celtis australis L.) is widely used for reforestation and as shade tree in parks and roadside plantings in southern Europe (4). In autumn 2011, a foliar disease was observed affecting several trees planted in a garden area located in Alzira (Valencia province, eastern Spain).