Variations in volume; Breast size in trans women in relation to timing of testosterone suppression.

Context: Breast development is an important outcome for trans women receiving gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Limited breast development has been reported, possibly because of testosterone exposure during puberty. The impact of puberty suppression (PS) on breast development is unclear.

A comparative study of 3D measuring methods for monitoring breast volume changes.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques are promising new tools for measuring breast volume, for example in gender-affirming therapy. Transgender individuals can be treated with gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). A robust method for monitoring breast volume changes is critical to be able to study the effects of feminizing GAHT.

Addition of progesterone to feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals for breast development: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for transgender individuals traditionally includes estradiol and androgen deprivation. Research has demonstrated that breast size as a result of GAHT in transgender women is often limited. Therefore, transgender women often choose to undergo breast augmentation surgery.

Progestin-related breast volume changes in a woman with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS).

Summary: A 31-year-old woman with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) experienced breast volume fluctuations during biphasic hormone replacement therapy consisting of estradiol and cyclical dydrogesterone, a progestin. 3D breast volume measurements showed a 100 cc volume (17%) difference between estradiol monotherapy and combined estradiol and dydrogesterone treatment. Progestogen-dependent breast volume changes have not been reported in the literature.

Sustained Breast Development and Breast Anthropometric Changes in 3 Years of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment.

Context: Breast development is important for most trans women. An important limitation of current breast development measurement methods is that these do not allow for 3D volume analyses.

Objectives: To examine breast development and change in anthropometry during the first 3 years of gender-affirming hormone treatment using 3D imaging.